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351 - Fundamentals of Learning > Elicited Behaviors > Flashcards

Elicited Behaviors Flashcards

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1
Q

What is elicited behavior?

A

behavior that occurs in reaction to specific environmental stimuli

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2
Q

What is another term used for elicited behavior?

A

Unconditioned response

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3
Q

What type of responses can elicited behavior have?

A

Simple reflexes (eyeblink to air)
Complex behavior sequences (sexual behavior)
Complex emotional responses
Goal-directed behavior (drug seeking)

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4
Q

What type of behavioral change does elicited behavior undergo?

A

habituation and sensitization

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5
Q

What is the simplest form of elicited behavior?

A

Reflexive behavior

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6
Q

What are the 2 requirements for a reflex?

A

eliciting stimulus and corresponding response

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7
Q

Does the response of a reflex often occur in the absence of the stimulus?

A

No

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8
Q

neurologically, what in included in a reflex arc?

A

sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron

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9
Q

What is the function for reflexes?

A

crucial for survival (avoid pain, find food)

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10
Q

What are reflexive responses patterns that are typical to a particular species?

A

Modal Action Patterns (MAPs)

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11
Q

How is modal action patterns different from a simple reflex?

A

more complex reflexes, like courtship behaviors, sequence of behaviors

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12
Q

Is it easier to identify the eliciting stimulus for a simple reflex or a modal action pattern?

A

simple reflex, no precise stimulus provokes courtship

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13
Q

Are MAPs species-specific or similar across species?

A

species-specific

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14
Q

What is an example of a species-specific MAPs?

A

chick pecks a red patch near the lip of the parent’s bill, causing them to regurgitate food for them

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15
Q

what is a sign stimulus?

A

the specific stimulus that elicits a certain MAP response

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16
Q

What is the sign stimulus for the MAP of the regurgitating bird?

A

red patch on the parent’s beak

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17
Q

What is a supranormal stimulus?

A

exaggerated stimulus used to cause and extremely vigorous response

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18
Q

What is an example of a supranormal stimulus?

A

high sugar/fat foods cause humans to have higher rates of salivation and craving than normal foods

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19
Q

How can identifying supranormal stimulus be useful?

A

stimuli can be used to trigger certain responses

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20
Q

What is the motivation for modla action patterns?

A

needs (finding food, shelter, mate)

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21
Q

What are the 2 phases of MAPs?

A

Appetitive and consummatory

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22
Q

what is the appetitive phase?

A

means necessary to get to an end-situation

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23
Q

What is the consummatory phase?

A

what the animal actually does in the end-situation

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24
Q

Which phase is flexible?

A

Appetitive, consummatory is inflexible

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25
Which phase is species-typical?
consummatory
26
Which phase is more variable and tend to be shaped by learning?
Appetitive
27
What is a common assumption that is incorrect about simple reflexes?
a simple reflex response will automatically occur the same way each time the eliciting stimulus is presented
28
What did Descartes think about reflexes?
They were automatic and invariant
29
What do we know now about reflexes?
They can be readily modified through experience
30
How can reflexes be modified?
through habituation and sensitization mechanisms
31
What is habituation?
reduced response to same stimulus
32
Is habituation stimulus specific? Give an example
yes, habituation to lemon, but like lime when u taste it right after
33
What are the implications of the fact that habituation is stimulus specific?
pleasure or interest will rebound if given a different stimulus diversity promotes pleasure and interest
34
what is the term that describes that diversity promotes pleasure and interest
sensory specific satiety
35
what is the effect on habituation when attention is diverted?
habituation is diminished, eating while watching tv
36
What happens when babies look at more complex/interesting stimuli vs simple ones?
they have a longer attention span, stare more initial sensitization, then habituation
37
what is attentional bias?
tendency to pay more attention to some stimuli over others
38
does attentional bias apply to habituation or sensitization?
sensitization
39
what is an example of attentional bias
addiction, people show attentional bias towards addiction-related stimuli
40
what is a startle response
defensive reaction to potential fear or actual attack
41
does the startle response incite habituation?
yes, short or long-term
42
what happens to a startle response after a break time following habituation
spontaneous recovery
43
what is the elevated plus maze
test that measures anxiety-like behavior animals presented to open and closed spaces
44
what do animals prefer in the elevated plus maze
enclosed areas
45
what has the elevated plus maze contributed to us
help identify fear and anxiety reducing drugs
46
what is sensitization
same stimulus incites stronger response
47
give an example of habituation vs sensitization with sound
H: fire alarm, just the other building S: repeating beep in room with noise, pay more and more attention to it
48
what can influence sensitization
arousal levels
49
give example of how arousal levels affect sensitization
getting tapped on shoulder in maxi vs dark alleyway
50
what response can be used to measure the fear-potentiated startle effect
eyeblink response
51
what is the result of a shock threat to judging the pleasantness of a picture
shock threat caused sensitization, more blinking
52
what are some other explanations for response decline to a same stimulus other than habituation
sensory adaptation: sense organs temporarily disabled(blinding light) response fatigue: muscles involved become incapacitated by fatigue (long exam, brain dead)
53
are habituation and sensitization mutually exclusive
no
54
what is dual-process theory
assumes different types of underlying neural processes are responsible for habituation and sensitization
55
What is a situation where habituation and sensitization are usually observed
drug addiction
56
T or F: a drug can produce tolerance and sensitization but for different effects at the same time
true
57
what are the effects of chronic amphetamine
Tolerance: euphoric and sympathomimetic effects Sensitization: psychosis-like effects, hallucination, paranoia
58
what are the effects of chronic caffeine
T: wakefulness/arousal S: motor and diuretic
59
What is a hypothesis for why people increase drug intake
tolerance to euphoric and pleasurable effects
60
what results of growing levels of tolerance
dependence
61
in dependence, what happens in the absence of the drug
withdrawal symptoms
62
what is possibly the cause of excessive/incessant craving and relapse of drugs
sensitization of wanting/reward pathways
63
what is the opponent process theory of motivation
a primary reaction is followed by an opposite counter-reaction 1° reaction habituated with repeated stimulus counter reaction strengthens with repitition
64
what is the core principle in opponent process theory of motivation
homeostatic, stability of system
65
with repetition, what will happen to the b process
start earlier (anticipate) can be conditioned and learned can outlast a, resulting in stronger opponent response
66
how does the opponent process theory of motivation apply to drugs
if drug raises heart rate, opponent process reduces it, danger of withdrawl!! also, always want more because opponent reaction reduces effects

351 - Fundamentals of Learning (11 decks)

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