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351 - Fundamentals of Learning > Elicited Behaviors > Flashcards

Elicited Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

What is elicited behavior?

A

behavior that occurs in reaction to specific environmental stimuli

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2
Q

What is another term used for elicited behavior?

A

Unconditioned response

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3
Q

What type of responses can elicited behavior have?

A

Simple reflexes (eyeblink to air)
Complex behavior sequences (sexual behavior)
Complex emotional responses
Goal-directed behavior (drug seeking)

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4
Q

What type of behavioral change does elicited behavior undergo?

A

habituation and sensitization

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5
Q

What is the simplest form of elicited behavior?

A

Reflexive behavior

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6
Q

What are the 2 requirements for a reflex?

A

eliciting stimulus and corresponding response

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7
Q

Does the response of a reflex often occur in the absence of the stimulus?

A

No

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8
Q

neurologically, what in included in a reflex arc?

A

sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron

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9
Q

What is the function for reflexes?

A

crucial for survival (avoid pain, find food)

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10
Q

What are reflexive responses patterns that are typical to a particular species?

A

Modal Action Patterns (MAPs)

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11
Q

How is modal action patterns different from a simple reflex?

A

more complex reflexes, like courtship behaviors, sequence of behaviors

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12
Q

Is it easier to identify the eliciting stimulus for a simple reflex or a modal action pattern?

A

simple reflex, no precise stimulus provokes courtship

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13
Q

Are MAPs species-specific or similar across species?

A

species-specific

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14
Q

What is an example of a species-specific MAPs?

A

chick pecks a red patch near the lip of the parent’s bill, causing them to regurgitate food for them

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15
Q

what is a sign stimulus?

A

the specific stimulus that elicits a certain MAP response

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16
Q

What is the sign stimulus for the MAP of the regurgitating bird?

A

red patch on the parent’s beak

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17
Q

What is a supranormal stimulus?

A

exaggerated stimulus used to cause and extremely vigorous response

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18
Q

What is an example of a supranormal stimulus?

A

high sugar/fat foods cause humans to have higher rates of salivation and craving than normal foods

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19
Q

How can identifying supranormal stimulus be useful?

A

stimuli can be used to trigger certain responses

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20
Q

What is the motivation for modla action patterns?

A

needs (finding food, shelter, mate)

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21
Q

What are the 2 phases of MAPs?

A

Appetitive and consummatory

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22
Q

what is the appetitive phase?

A

means necessary to get to an end-situation

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23
Q

What is the consummatory phase?

A

what the animal actually does in the end-situation

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24
Q

Which phase is flexible?

A

Appetitive, consummatory is inflexible

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25
Q

Which phase is species-typical?

A

consummatory

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26
Q

Which phase is more variable and tend to be shaped by learning?

A

Appetitive

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27
Q

What is a common assumption that is incorrect about simple reflexes?

A

a simple reflex response will automatically occur the same way each time the eliciting stimulus is presented

28
Q

What did Descartes think about reflexes?

A

They were automatic and invariant

29
Q

What do we know now about reflexes?

A

They can be readily modified through experience

30
Q

How can reflexes be modified?

A

through habituation and sensitization mechanisms

31
Q

What is habituation?

A

reduced response to same stimulus

32
Q

Is habituation stimulus specific? Give an example

A

yes, habituation to lemon, but like lime when u taste it right after

33
Q

What are the implications of the fact that habituation is stimulus specific?

A

pleasure or interest will rebound if given a different stimulus
diversity promotes pleasure and interest

34
Q

what is the term that describes that diversity promotes pleasure and interest

A

sensory specific satiety

35
Q

what is the effect on habituation when attention is diverted?

A

habituation is diminished, eating while watching tv

36
Q

What happens when babies look at more complex/interesting stimuli vs simple ones?

A

they have a longer attention span, stare more
initial sensitization, then habituation

37
Q

what is attentional bias?

A

tendency to pay more attention to some stimuli over others

38
Q

does attentional bias apply to habituation or sensitization?

A

sensitization

39
Q

what is an example of attentional bias

A

addiction, people show attentional bias towards addiction-related stimuli

40
Q

what is a startle response

A

defensive reaction to potential fear or actual attack

41
Q

does the startle response incite habituation?

A

yes, short or long-term

42
Q

what happens to a startle response after a break time following habituation

A

spontaneous recovery

43
Q

what is the elevated plus maze

A

test that measures anxiety-like behavior
animals presented to open and closed spaces

44
Q

what do animals prefer in the elevated plus maze

A

enclosed areas

45
Q

what has the elevated plus maze contributed to us

A

help identify fear and anxiety reducing drugs

46
Q

what is sensitization

A

same stimulus incites stronger response

47
Q

give an example of habituation vs sensitization with sound

A

H: fire alarm, just the other building
S: repeating beep in room with noise, pay more and more attention to it

48
Q

what can influence sensitization

A

arousal levels

49
Q

give example of how arousal levels affect sensitization

A

getting tapped on shoulder in maxi vs dark alleyway

50
Q

what response can be used to measure the fear-potentiated startle effect

A

eyeblink response

51
Q

what is the result of a shock threat to judging the pleasantness of a picture

A

shock threat caused sensitization, more blinking

52
Q

what are some other explanations for response decline to a same stimulus other than habituation

A

sensory adaptation: sense organs temporarily disabled(blinding light)
response fatigue: muscles involved become incapacitated by fatigue (long exam, brain dead)

53
Q

are habituation and sensitization mutually exclusive

A

no

54
Q

what is dual-process theory

A

assumes different types of underlying neural processes are responsible for habituation and sensitization

55
Q

What is a situation where habituation and sensitization are usually observed

A

drug addiction

56
Q

T or F: a drug can produce tolerance and sensitization but for different effects at the same time

A

true

57
Q

what are the effects of chronic amphetamine

A

Tolerance: euphoric and sympathomimetic effects
Sensitization: psychosis-like effects, hallucination, paranoia

58
Q

what are the effects of chronic caffeine

A

T: wakefulness/arousal
S: motor and diuretic

59
Q

What is a hypothesis for why people increase drug intake

A

tolerance to euphoric and pleasurable effects

60
Q

what results of growing levels of tolerance

A

dependence

61
Q

in dependence, what happens in the absence of the drug

A

withdrawal symptoms

62
Q

what is possibly the cause of excessive/incessant craving and relapse of drugs

A

sensitization of wanting/reward pathways

63
Q

what is the opponent process theory of motivation

A

a primary reaction is followed by an opposite counter-reaction
1° reaction habituated with repeated stimulus
counter reaction strengthens with repitition

64
Q

what is the core principle in opponent process theory of motivation

A

homeostatic, stability of system

65
Q

with repetition, what will happen to the b process

A

start earlier (anticipate)
can be conditioned and learned
can outlast a, resulting in stronger opponent response

66
Q

how does the opponent process theory of motivation apply to drugs

A

if drug raises heart rate, opponent process reduces it, danger of withdrawl!!
also, always want more because opponent reaction reduces effects

351 - Fundamentals of Learning (11 decks)

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