Extinction Flashcards
what does extinction aim to do
reduce responding
reverse the effects of acquisition
T.F. extinction means that there is a perfect reversal of acquisition
F
when does extinction occur
when situation no longer produces outcome
pavlovian: CS presented without UCS (bell without food)
instrumental: no reinforcement after response (press lever, but no food)
what is the name for what occurs when there is an extinction in responding
extinction curves
what occurs with extinction according to the rescorla-wagner model
unlearning of conditioning
T.F. the loss of responding from extinction is pretty much the same as the result of forgetting
F
how are extinction and forgetting different
extinction: active process, omission of an expected US or reinforcer
forgetting: decline of responding that could occur with the passing of time. doesnt require nonreinforcement of the CS/instrumental response
is extinction more like unlearning or a new learning
new learning, learning a new rule on top of an old one, light = no food RN, but if it starts again, they remembered
what happens if CB1 receptors respond to endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids
block extinction but not learning
which agents block extinction but not learning
CB1 receptors responding to endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids
forgetting or extinction can be due to a lack of consolidation
forgetting
forgetting or extinction is sensitive to interference
forgetting, remembering something similar, blocks memory formation
what developments have stemed from the discovery of extinction
therapeutic treatment, exposure therapy, treat phobias, anxiety, addiction
T.F.therapeutic treatment with extinction only applies to pavlovian associations and only aversive conditioning
F. pavlovian and intrumental, aversive and appetitive
how is extinction used in exposure therapy
exposure to cues that elicit fear in the absence of the aversive US
use virtual reality to expose to freaful stim in safe environment
extinguish ability of drug-related cues to trigger craving/relapse
extiction may reduce responding, but can increase _____ ______
response variability
what is repsonse variability during extinciton
slightly changing repsonse to make it work again
T.F. response variability is only observed if overall responding goes up
F. overall response could go down, but observe response variability
what is an modern-day example of extiction that could result in response variability
ghosting, try texting more, try texting other things, try to see them in person…
what can be accompanied with extinction when no reward is obtained
extinction burst: frustration for the absence of the reward that leads to aggression
what is an example of an extinction burst
hitting computer when its not loading
what was the experiment on extinciton burst with pigeons
1 pigeon given food, other restrained
when extinction, rewarded P attacked innocent P
why does an extinguished response often reappear
because extinction doesnt erase original learning
what can be problematic in bhv for therapeutic applications wanting to eliminate undesired bhv
extinguished responses can reapear
in what ways can a return of responding after extinciton come
spontaneous recovery, renewal, reinstatement
the decline in conditioned bhv that occurs with extinction ______ with time
dissipates
what can cause responding to return after extinction
pause / rest period after training
what is the name for a return of responding caused by a pause in extinction training
spontaneous recovery, nothing is done in rest period to produce recovery
what is renewal
recovery of conditioned responding when contextual cues from extinction training are changed
ex: stop taking drug in therapy/rehab, all ok, but then take them when home
in renewal effect, the context can be seen as _______ _____ for reinforcement vs extinction
occasion setter
if conditioned in A, extinguished in B, and tested in C what could happen
renewal could appear, renewal is not only due to excitatory effects of A, but absence of B
what are the implications of renewal regarding clinical improvement
improvement at therapy may not persist when return in other environment
original acquisition learning excitatory effects are generalize more than inhibitory effect of extinction training
according to renewal, what can happen with pathological fear
can spread to other contexts
which have more widespread effects, problems created by conditioning or solutions/remedies for those problems
the problems
if overcome fear, benefit doesnt transfer as easily to new situations
what is reinstatement
recovery of conditioned bhv occuring when individual encounters the UCS again
when is reinstatement observed
with trauma, drug/relapse
explain reinstatement with drugs
free dose of cocaine produces sudden reinstatement of cocaine-seeking
T.F. reinstatement with drugs is dose-dependent
T. big dose = big urge for drug-seeking
can reinstatement occur in presence of CS, but the absence of UCS
yes, cue-induced reinstatement
ex: seeing drug dealer?
why does extinction have limited success in treating addiction
cue-induced reinstatement
what is one way to enhance extinction in therapy
more extinction trials = more profound decrease in responding
what does the pattern of the extinction trials affect
formation and persistence of the memory
give an example of massed and spaced trials within session, btw sessions
within: m= every 6 secs ; s= every 600secs
btw: m= 100 trials in 1 day ; s= 10trials in 10 days
massed and spaced trials give similar effects to those seen with _________
habituation
massed of spaced produce more pronounced extinction
mass
massed of spaced is more likely to have spontaneous recovery
massed
massed of spaced have more enduring extinction
spaced
massed of spaced is more immune to recovery
spaced
which is more affective in losing the conditioned bhv: extinction immediately after learning or 1 day after
immediately
why would extinction be best right after learning conditioned bhv compared to later
interferes with consolidation process
what is a risk to using immediate extinction
more likely to have spontaneous recovery and renewal
a more enduring loss of bhv occurs if extinction trials are delayed ___________(time) after the acquisition
24hours
what is a way to make extinction more pervasive and avoid renewal from lack of generalization
conducted in multiple different contexts = increase stimulus generalization of extinction
with large number of spaced trials
what is a way to reduce spontaneous recovery
introduce cues present during extinction training to enhance extinction performance
where has cues of extinction been used in humans
exposure therapy, reduced renewal of arachnophobia
using chip AA as a reminder of treatment context
which reinforcement schedual results in fastest extinction
continuous reinforcement - FR1: overtraining extinction effect
why extinction paradoxical
need less unreinforced to trials to extinguish than reinforced trial to learn
which reinforcement schedule results is slowest extinction
partial reinforcement: unpredictability already includes partial extinction
how to get slower extinction and fewer frustration reactions
partial rather than continuous reinforcement
partial-reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)
what is PREE and what does it help explain
partial-reinforcement extinction effect
the bhv of habitual gamblers who persist in gambling even if they encounter a long string of losses
T.F. frequent gamblers are less likely to persist during extinction if trained on a partial reinforcement schedule
F. more likely
how are partial reinforcement effects observed in pavlovian conditioning
cues paired with uncertain reward probability and size = more attractive + more likely to produce reinstatement
what makes slots machines stimulating
lights and sounds increase urge to play and inflate perception of wins
partial reinforcement increases the chances that someone will become a _______
sign-tracker, also reduces the rate at which cues undergo extinction
what are the names of the two theories that explain partial reinforcement
frustration theory and sequential theory
what is frustration theory
repeated experience of frustration of non-reward during training increases resilience
what is sequential theory
when a sequence of non-reinforced trials are followed by reward, it reinforced the persistence when the reinforcement is absent
which partial reinforcement theory is most correct
both complete each other
