Motivational Mechanisms Flashcards
what are the 3 events involved in instrumental learning
stimulus context (S)
instrumental response (R)
Response outcome (O)
what type of association is used according to the law of effect
S-R association
stimulus context and its ability to cause a response
what is the role of the reinforcer or outcome for the S-R association
it strengthens the association
T.F. the reinforcer/outcome is necessary for an S-R association
F, not crucial
where does the motivation to perform come from in the puzzle box
motivation to perform response comes from presentation of the stimulus context (S-R)
which association best explains habits
S-R
what are habits
things we do automatically and in the same way without thinking
what % of human bhv is estimated to be habits
45
how do habits relate to drug addiciton
at first, drug taking motivation = positive reinforcement
then, drug seeking and taking becomes automatic triggered by environmental cues
what other behavior (other than drug addiction) can be maintained through habits
compulsive eating, gambling, sexual behavior
what is an everyday example of S-R association
if u hold a toothbrush, will most likely start brushing ur teeth
which association is an example of pavlovian process
S-O, stimuli evoke an expectation of a particular reward
how does the pairing of the stimuli with the outcome come to be
context stimuli trigger response that leads to positive outcome
what is an example of S-O associations
getting caramel candy at grammas
what does PIT mean
pavlovian to instrumental transfer
how S-O association can motivate instrumental bhv
CS triggers peak of effort and motivation for a reward
what does PIT examine
effect of cues on instrumental responding
how is the PIT test complex
involves training of pavlovian and instrumental
what is an example of a PIT test
wake up and no coffee
does smell of someones coffee in class make you want coffee more than you already did
- absence of coffee = motivation
- smelling = cue and peak of motivation
what are the 3 phases in PIT
- pavlovian: CS+ sound predicts food, CS- predicts no food
- Instrumental: need a little response to get food (press lever), progressively increase response until stable (VI), then response is extinguished over sessions
- PIT probe test: animal can respond in extinction, also presented with CS+ and CS-
what are the results of the PIT study
more response w/ CS+
decrease/stays the same w/ CS-
T.F. for PIT, CS+ presentation (not CS-) should produce peaks in activity when there is an increase in the outcome
F. despite no change in outcome
according to PIT, CS+ can trigger ________ _________
reward seeking
is conditioned suppression an example of PIT
yes, CS is paired with negative outcome
ex: incentive sensitization of drug cues can produce urges –> relapse
what is the reason we normally perform a response
to achieve a particular outcome (R-O association)
how can we demonstrate the importance of the R-O association
reinforcer devaluation using CTA or satiation
if they stop pressing lever, than the idea of the food was in mind when pressing the lever
what is an example to measure R-O associations and how the other associations dont apply
work for chocolate or cigarettes
again when 1 is devalued
reduce response for devalued thing, but same motivation
not S-R cuz habits are not sensitive to reinforcer devaluation
not S-O cuz cant explain response specificity of devaluation
what are discriminative stimuli and a synonym
stimuli present when response is reinforced that takes on ability to control the expression of the response
aka. occasion setters
what does a DS+ predict
what does a DS- predict
DS+ : responses will be reinforced in that situation
DS- : responses will not be reinforcer in that situation
what is an example of a DS
if the light is on in self-checkout, will leave with items, if off, cant use the checkout
what is the premack principle
can use a high-probability response as a reinforcer of a low-probability repsonse
can play with toys when done homework
what is the response deprivation hypothesis
instrumental activity is kept at a higher level when restricted access to the reinforcer
hungry rats more likely to respond for food compared to full rats
what is the response-allocation approach
a broad range of activities are always available to an individual
what is the name for when an instrumental activity is kept at a higher level when restricted access to the reinforcer
response deprivation hypothesis
what is the name for a broad range of activities are always available to an individual
response-allocation approach
what is the name for when individuals normally choose to allocate their responses, unconstrained baseline
behavioral bliss point
what is an example of an instrumental contingency
can only spend as much time on tiktok as you do studying
what is the minimum deviation model
we attempt to minimize the total deviation of the 2 responses from the unrestricted baseline
what does the minimum deviation model highlight
importance of considering broader context and alternatives
what is behavioral economics
how the allocation of bhv among diff options is altered by constraints of an instrumental conditioning procedure
what does behavioral economics depend on
demand curve: how consumption of a commodity is influenced by its price
price goes up, consumption goes down
what is the name of the term for the degree to which prices influence consumption
elasticity of demand
what 4 factors have been helped from behavioral economics
- Income level: higher income, less affected by high prices
- Link to complementary commodity: are linked, affecting one affects the other (hot dog, buns)
- availability of substitutes: availability of substitutes increases sensitivity of original item to higher prices (newspapper goes down if online is available
- price range: increase in price has less of an effect at low than high prices (10% increase: 0.5–>0.6 vs 500 –> 600)
reinforcement schedule effect are seen as ________ on someones ongoing activities
constraints
instrumental conditioning is seen as creating a __ compared to stamping in
new distribution or allocation of responses
why cant instrumental bhv be studied in a vacuum
constraints of instrumental procedures are +/- effective depending on the nature of the constraint, the availability of substitutes, organism’s level of income….
