Motivational Mechanisms

Question 1

what are the 3 events involved in instrumental learning

Answer 1

stimulus context (S)
instrumental response (R)
Response outcome (O)

Question 2

what type of association is used according to the law of effect

Answer 2

S-R association
stimulus context and its ability to cause a response

Question 3

what is the role of the reinforcer or outcome for the S-R association

Answer 3

it strengthens the association

Question 4

T.F. the reinforcer/outcome is necessary for an S-R association

Answer 4

F, not crucial

Question 5

where does the motivation to perform come from in the puzzle box

Answer 5

motivation to perform response comes from presentation of the stimulus context (S-R)

Question 6

which association best explains habits

Answer 6

S-R

Question 7

what are habits

Answer 7

things we do automatically and in the same way without thinking

Question 8

what % of human bhv is estimated to be habits

Answer 8

45

Question 9

how do habits relate to drug addiciton

Answer 9

at first, drug taking motivation = positive reinforcement
then, drug seeking and taking becomes automatic triggered by environmental cues

Question 10

what other behavior (other than drug addiction) can be maintained through habits

Answer 10

compulsive eating, gambling, sexual behavior

Question 11

what is an everyday example of S-R association

Answer 11

if u hold a toothbrush, will most likely start brushing ur teeth

Question 12

which association is an example of pavlovian process

Answer 12

S-O, stimuli evoke an expectation of a particular reward

Question 13

how does the pairing of the stimuli with the outcome come to be

Answer 13

context stimuli trigger response that leads to positive outcome

Question 14

what is an example of S-O associations

Answer 14

getting caramel candy at grammas

Question 15

what does PIT mean

Answer 15

pavlovian to instrumental transfer
how S-O association can motivate instrumental bhv
CS triggers peak of effort and motivation for a reward

Question 16

what does PIT examine

Answer 16

effect of cues on instrumental responding

Question 17

how is the PIT test complex

Answer 17

involves training of pavlovian and instrumental

Question 18

what is an example of a PIT test

Answer 18

wake up and no coffee
does smell of someones coffee in class make you want coffee more than you already did
- absence of coffee = motivation
- smelling = cue and peak of motivation

Question 19

what are the 3 phases in PIT

Answer 19

1. pavlovian: CS+ sound predicts food, CS- predicts no food
2. Instrumental: need a little response to get food (press lever), progressively increase response until stable (VI), then response is extinguished over sessions
3. PIT probe test: animal can respond in extinction, also presented with CS+ and CS-

Question 20

what are the results of the PIT study

Answer 20

more response w/ CS+
decrease/stays the same w/ CS-

Question 21

T.F. for PIT, CS+ presentation (not CS-) should produce peaks in activity when there is an increase in the outcome

Answer 21

F. despite no change in outcome

Question 22

according to PIT, CS+ can trigger ________ _________

Answer 22

reward seeking

Question 23

is conditioned suppression an example of PIT

Answer 23

yes, CS is paired with negative outcome
ex: incentive sensitization of drug cues can produce urges –> relapse

Question 24

what is the reason we normally perform a response

Answer 24

to achieve a particular outcome (R-O association)

Question 25

how can we demonstrate the importance of the R-O association

Answer 25

reinforcer devaluation using CTA or satiation
if they stop pressing lever, than the idea of the food was in mind when pressing the lever

Question 26

what is an example to measure R-O associations and how the other associations dont apply

Answer 26

work for chocolate or cigarettes
again when 1 is devalued
reduce response for devalued thing, but same motivation
not S-R cuz habits are not sensitive to reinforcer devaluation
not S-O cuz cant explain response specificity of devaluation

Question 27

what are discriminative stimuli and a synonym

Answer 27

stimuli present when response is reinforced that takes on ability to control the expression of the response
aka. occasion setters

Question 28

what does a DS+ predict
what does a DS- predict

Answer 28

DS+ : responses will be reinforced in that situation
DS- : responses will not be reinforcer in that situation

Question 29

what is an example of a DS

Answer 29

if the light is on in self-checkout, will leave with items, if off, cant use the checkout

Question 30

what is the premack principle

Answer 30

can use a high-probability response as a reinforcer of a low-probability repsonse
can play with toys when done homework

Question 31

what is the response deprivation hypothesis

Answer 31

instrumental activity is kept at a higher level when restricted access to the reinforcer
hungry rats more likely to respond for food compared to full rats

Question 32

what is the response-allocation approach

Answer 32

a broad range of activities are always available to an individual

Question 33

what is the name for when an instrumental activity is kept at a higher level when restricted access to the reinforcer

Answer 33

response deprivation hypothesis

Question 34

what is the name for a broad range of activities are always available to an individual

Answer 34

response-allocation approach

Question 35

what is the name for when individuals normally choose to allocate their responses, unconstrained baseline

Answer 35

behavioral bliss point

Question 36

what is an example of an instrumental contingency

Answer 36

can only spend as much time on tiktok as you do studying

Question 37

what is the minimum deviation model

Answer 37

we attempt to minimize the total deviation of the 2 responses from the unrestricted baseline

Question 38

what does the minimum deviation model highlight

Answer 38

importance of considering broader context and alternatives

Question 39

what is behavioral economics

Answer 39

how the allocation of bhv among diff options is altered by constraints of an instrumental conditioning procedure

Question 40

what does behavioral economics depend on

Answer 40

demand curve: how consumption of a commodity is influenced by its price
price goes up, consumption goes down

Question 41

what is the name of the term for the degree to which prices influence consumption

Answer 41

elasticity of demand

Question 42

what 4 factors have been helped from behavioral economics

Answer 42

1. Income level: higher income, less affected by high prices
2. Link to complementary commodity: are linked, affecting one affects the other (hot dog, buns)
3. availability of substitutes: availability of substitutes increases sensitivity of original item to higher prices (newspapper goes down if online is available
4. price range: increase in price has less of an effect at low than high prices (10% increase: 0.5–>0.6 vs 500 –> 600)

Question 43

reinforcement schedule effect are seen as ________ on someones ongoing activities

Answer 43

constraints

Question 44

instrumental conditioning is seen as creating a __ compared to stamping in

Answer 44

new distribution or allocation of responses

Question 45

why cant instrumental bhv be studied in a vacuum

Answer 45

constraints of instrumental procedures are +/- effective depending on the nature of the constraint, the availability of substitutes, organism’s level of income….