Motivational Mechanisms Flashcards

(45 cards)

1
Q

what are the 3 events involved in instrumental learning

A

stimulus context (S)
instrumental response (R)
Response outcome (O)

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2
Q

what type of association is used according to the law of effect

A

S-R association
stimulus context and its ability to cause a response

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3
Q

what is the role of the reinforcer or outcome for the S-R association

A

it strengthens the association

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4
Q

T.F. the reinforcer/outcome is necessary for an S-R association

A

F, not crucial

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5
Q

where does the motivation to perform come from in the puzzle box

A

motivation to perform response comes from presentation of the stimulus context (S-R)

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6
Q

which association best explains habits

A

S-R

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7
Q

what are habits

A

things we do automatically and in the same way without thinking

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8
Q

what % of human bhv is estimated to be habits

A

45

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9
Q

how do habits relate to drug addiciton

A

at first, drug taking motivation = positive reinforcement
then, drug seeking and taking becomes automatic triggered by environmental cues

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10
Q

what other behavior (other than drug addiction) can be maintained through habits

A

compulsive eating, gambling, sexual behavior

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11
Q

what is an everyday example of S-R association

A

if u hold a toothbrush, will most likely start brushing ur teeth

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12
Q

which association is an example of pavlovian process

A

S-O, stimuli evoke an expectation of a particular reward

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13
Q

how does the pairing of the stimuli with the outcome come to be

A

context stimuli trigger response that leads to positive outcome

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14
Q

what is an example of S-O associations

A

getting caramel candy at grammas

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15
Q

what does PIT mean

A

pavlovian to instrumental transfer
how S-O association can motivate instrumental bhv
CS triggers peak of effort and motivation for a reward

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16
Q

what does PIT examine

A

effect of cues on instrumental responding

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17
Q

how is the PIT test complex

A

involves training of pavlovian and instrumental

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18
Q

what is an example of a PIT test

A

wake up and no coffee
does smell of someones coffee in class make you want coffee more than you already did
- absence of coffee = motivation
- smelling = cue and peak of motivation

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19
Q

what are the 3 phases in PIT

A
  1. pavlovian: CS+ sound predicts food, CS- predicts no food
  2. Instrumental: need a little response to get food (press lever), progressively increase response until stable (VI), then response is extinguished over sessions
  3. PIT probe test: animal can respond in extinction, also presented with CS+ and CS-
20
Q

what are the results of the PIT study

A

more response w/ CS+
decrease/stays the same w/ CS-

21
Q

T.F. for PIT, CS+ presentation (not CS-) should produce peaks in activity when there is an increase in the outcome

A

F. despite no change in outcome

22
Q

according to PIT, CS+ can trigger ________ _________

A

reward seeking

23
Q

is conditioned suppression an example of PIT

A

yes, CS is paired with negative outcome
ex: incentive sensitization of drug cues can produce urges –> relapse

24
Q

what is the reason we normally perform a response

A

to achieve a particular outcome (R-O association)

25
how can we demonstrate the importance of the R-O association
reinforcer devaluation using CTA or satiation if they stop pressing lever, than the idea of the food was in mind when pressing the lever
26
what is an example to measure R-O associations and how the other associations dont apply
work for chocolate or cigarettes again when 1 is devalued reduce response for devalued thing, but same motivation not S-R cuz habits are not sensitive to reinforcer devaluation not S-O cuz cant explain response specificity of devaluation
27
what are discriminative stimuli and a synonym
stimuli present when response is reinforced that takes on ability to control the expression of the response aka. occasion setters
28
what does a DS+ predict what does a DS- predict
DS+ : responses will be reinforced in that situation DS- : responses will not be reinforcer in that situation
29
what is an example of a DS
if the light is on in self-checkout, will leave with items, if off, cant use the checkout
30
what is the premack principle
can use a high-probability response as a reinforcer of a low-probability repsonse can play with toys when done homework
31
what is the response deprivation hypothesis
instrumental activity is kept at a higher level when restricted access to the reinforcer hungry rats more likely to respond for food compared to full rats
32
what is the response-allocation approach
a broad range of activities are always available to an individual
33
what is the name for when an instrumental activity is kept at a higher level when restricted access to the reinforcer
response deprivation hypothesis
34
what is the name for a broad range of activities are always available to an individual
response-allocation approach
35
what is the name for when individuals normally choose to allocate their responses, unconstrained baseline
behavioral bliss point
36
what is an example of an instrumental contingency
can only spend as much time on tiktok as you do studying
37
what is the minimum deviation model
we attempt to minimize the total deviation of the 2 responses from the unrestricted baseline
38
what does the minimum deviation model highlight
importance of considering broader context and alternatives
39
what is behavioral economics
how the allocation of bhv among diff options is altered by constraints of an instrumental conditioning procedure
40
what does behavioral economics depend on
demand curve: how consumption of a commodity is influenced by its price price goes up, consumption goes down
41
what is the name of the term for the degree to which prices influence consumption
elasticity of demand
42
what 4 factors have been helped from behavioral economics
1. Income level: higher income, less affected by high prices 2. Link to complementary commodity: are linked, affecting one affects the other (hot dog, buns) 3. availability of substitutes: availability of substitutes increases sensitivity of original item to higher prices (newspapper goes down if online is available 4. price range: increase in price has less of an effect at low than high prices (10% increase: 0.5-->0.6 vs 500 --> 600)
43
reinforcement schedule effect are seen as ________ on someones ongoing activities
constraints
44
instrumental conditioning is seen as creating a __ compared to stamping in
new distribution or allocation of responses
45
why cant instrumental bhv be studied in a vacuum
constraints of instrumental procedures are +/- effective depending on the nature of the constraint, the availability of substitutes, organism's level of income....