Patterns of disease

Question 1

What are the three main factors shaping Australia’s population?

Answer 1

Fertility
mortality
migration

Question 2

What is used to assess fertility and what are they?

Answer 2

CDR- number of live births per 1000

Total fertility rate - number of children a women is likely to have

Question 3

what does a TFR of 2.1 babies per woman mean?

Answer 3

rate at which generation is replaced without immigration

Question 4

Describe the population pyramid of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population and explain why.

Answer 4

Expanding
- larger population of children and dying earlier.

Question 5

Describe the population pyramid of the Non-Indigenous population and explain why.

Answer 5

Contracting
-living longer and TFR below replacement

Question 6

how can a reduction in child death rates be achieved?

Answer 6

Best achieved if focus on infants (0-1) by targeting causes that are preventable, address the risk factors of low birth-weight and reduce the risk of fetal growth disorders.

Question 7

What is the Dependency ratio?

Answer 7

Potential socioeconomic burden on working age population by young and elderly.

Question 8

Why is the dependancy ratio higher in ATSI population?

Answer 8

few people of working age vs non-working due to high TFR, reduced life expectancy and earlier onset of chronic disease = poverty.

Question 9

What are the five stages of Epidemiological Transition Theory?

Answer 9

Age of Pestilence and Famine: Old World infection)

Age of Receding Pandemics (epidemics less frequent)

Age of Degenerative and Man-made disease

Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases (live longer due to modern health care)

Age of Emergent and Re-emergent infections (old and new infectious diseases resurge).

Question 10

What are examples of diseases in ‘ Age of Emergent and Re-Emergent diseases’?

Answer 10

COVID
HIV/AIDS
TB
Meseals

Question 11

what are examples of degenerative and Man-made diseases?

Answer 11

(trauma, alcoholism, smoking, CVD, stroke and cancers)

Question 12

What led to the shift of Epidemiological Transition Theory?

Answer 12

Better living standards

Socioeconomic factors

Medical advances

Demographic transition

Question 13

What are the disease patterns of ETT?

Answer 13

Infectious –> degenerative as leading cause of death

Causing death in young –> causing death in old

Increase in people living with chronic disease

Emergent and re-emergent infections

Question 14

what is a double burden of disease? Why does it occur?

Answer 14

high prevalence of communicable and non-communicable disease.

Because: Persistent infection in poor populations. Conditions that cause infections also cause chronic disease. interrelationship.

Question 15

What is the Demographic Transition model?

Answer 15

How birth rate and death rate influence population growth over time.

Pre-modern regime (high fertility and mortality) –> post-modern (low fertility and mortality)

Question 16

What are the 4 stages of DTM?

Answer 16

Pre-industrial (High death and birth rate)

Industrializing (birth rates high, sharp fall of death rates)

Mature individuals (birth rate sharply falls, death rates stabilize)

Post Industrial (stabilizes)

Question 17

What are some strategies that are used by the Health Sector to reduce the infant mortality rate?

Answer 17

Address risk factors for LBW (smoking, diet, pri health care focus, hospital delivery)

infant health checks

4-week formal postnatal check up

eduction (breastfeeding, maternal factors)

immunisations