Pathphysiology

Question 1

Describe the cell process atrophy?

Answer 1

Decreasing size and increasing efficiency in a cell

Question 2

Describe hypertrophy?

Answer 2

Is an increase in the cell size and it’s functional mass( including the number of organelles)

Question 3

Describe hyperplasia?

Answer 3

Is an increase in the number of cells through cell division

Question 4

Can you name some cells capable of undergoing hyperplasia?

Answer 4

Epithelial, glandular and epidermal cells

Question 5

Describe metaplasia?

Answer 5

Is when damaged cells or destroyed cells of one type are replaced by cells of another type

Question 6

Describe dysplasia?

Answer 6

Is an abnormal change in cell size, shape and appearance due to some type of external stressor

Question 7

What is the most common cause of cellular injury?

Answer 7

Hypoxia

Question 8

What are some things that could cause ischemia ?

Answer 8

Deficiency of rbc, deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, or lack of available binding sites

Question 9

Describe what happens with an anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 9

There is a marked decrease in cellular atp production and an increase in the production of harmful acids, primarily lactic acid. The cell and some of its organelles then begin to swell due to the increased levels of sodium that result from the breakdown of the sodium-potassium atp pump

Question 10

Describe what happens to the cell during chemical injury?

Answer 10

Disruption of the cellular membrane resulting in enzymatic reactions, alteration of coagulation and eventually death of the cell

Question 11

What is the kind of bacteria that causes infectious injury?

Answer 11

Pathogens

Question 12

Name some of the body’s defences against pathogens?

Answer 12

• the skin
• mucous secretions trap pathogens
• normal bacteria, enzymes, gastric acids
• coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and elimination of urine and feces

Question 13

Can you name 3 things that can happen when a pathogen invades the body ?

Answer 13

• First: it may multiply and spread, overwhelming the body’s defences
• second: the body and the pathogen may battle to a draw producing a chronic infection
• third: the body’s defences, with or without the aid of meds may defeat and destroy the pathogen

Question 14

What is anabolism?

Answer 14

The constructive phase of metabolism in which cells convert non living substances into living cytoplasm

Question 15

What is catabolism?

Answer 15

The destructive phase of metabolism in which cells breakdown complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy

Question 16

What happens to metabolism when the cell is injured?

Answer 16

Substances infiltrate or accumulate in the cells to an abnormal degree

Question 17

What is apoptosis?

Answer 17

Response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy the cell

Question 18

What is necrosis?

Answer 18

Cell death. Four types of necrotic cell change are coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fatty

Question 19

Can you name 4 mechanisms commonly resulting in the accumulation of water in the interstitial space ?

Answer 19

1- a decrease in plasma oncotic force resulting from a decrease in plasma proteins.
2-increased hydrostatic pressure,
3- increased capillary permeability
4-lymphatic channel obstruction

Question 20

What are some s+s of a transfusion reaction?

Answer 20

Fever, chills, hives, hypotension, palpitations, tachycardia, flushing of the skin, headaches, loss of consciousness, nausea, vomiting or shortness of breath

Question 21

What is a colloid?

Answer 21

Substances, such as proteins or starches, consisting of large molecules that disperse evenly within a liquid without forming a true solution

Question 22

What is a crystalloid?

Answer 22

Substances capable of crystallization. In solution, unlike colloids, they can diffuse through a membrane such as a capillary wall

Question 23

What is respiratory acidosis?

Answer 23

Acidity caused by abnormal retention of carbon dioxide resulting from impaired ventilation

Question 24

What is respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 24

Alkalinity caused by excessive elimination of carbon dioxide resulting from increased respirations

Question 25

What is rheumatic fever ?

Answer 25

An inflammatory reaction to an infection. Some contributing factors are hereditary, inadequate nutrition and crowded living conditions

Question 26

What are some triggering factors for asthma?

Answer 26

Stress, overexertion, exposure to cold air, and stimuli such as pollens, dust, smoke

Question 27

Describe the compensation stage of shock ?

Answer 27

The fall in the cardiac output, detected as a decrease in arterial bp by the baroreceptors, activates several body systems that attempt to reestablish a Normal bp

Question 28

What does the spleen do in response to a sudden drop in bp ?

Answer 28

It expels up to 200 ml of blood into the venous circulation. Increasing blood volume, preload, cardiac output, and bp

Question 29

Can you name some events that happen during the decompensation phase of shock ?

Answer 29

• the heart is weakened and cardiac out our falls further
• slowing and then stoppage of sympathetic activity
• the blood in the capillary beds becomes acidic, causing formation of blood clots
• cell hypoxia
• cell deterioration and organ failure

Question 30

Describe cardiogenic shock? Is it a pump pipe or fluid problem?

Answer 30

Pump problem. Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to supply body

Question 31

Is hypovolemic shock a pump, pipe or fluid problem? And can you describe it ?

Answer 31

Fluid problem, shock due to loss of intravascular fluid volume

Question 32

Is neurogenic shock a pump pipe or fluid problem? And can you describe it ?

Answer 32

Pipe, occurs from injury to to brain or spinal cord, resulting in an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries

Question 33

Is septic shock a pump pipe or fluid problem? Can you describe it ?

Answer 33

Fluid, an infection enters the blood stream and is carried throughout the body