Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Besides giving the body its structural form what are some other purposes?
It protects vital organs
Allows for efficient movement despite forces of gravity
Stores many salts and other materials needed for the metabolism
It produces the red blood cells used to transport oxygen
What is the percentage of bone mass is replace each year in the remodelling process?
20%
What is osteoblast ?
What is osteoclast ?
Osteoblast: is a cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair
Osteoclast: is a bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone
What is the diaphysis?
The diaphysis is the central portion or the shaft of the long bone
What is the epiphysis ?
And what does it do ?
Ends of the long bone, spongy/ cancellous bone.
The bones diameter increases dramatically, and the underlying thin hard compact bone of the shaft changes to a network of skeletal fibres and strands.
This network is called the epiphysis, spreads the stress and pressure of weight bearing over a large surface
What is the metaphysis?
Is a growth zone of a bone (epiphyseal plate). Active during the development stages of youth it is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Where is the medullary canal ?
The chamber formed within the hollow of the diaphysis and the cancellous bone of the epiphysis. The central medullary canal is filled with yellow bone marrow (stores fat in a semiliquid form.)
Where is the periosteum?
Covers the exterior of the diaphysis
What does cartilage do ?
It permits a relatively friction free joint movement and absorbs some of the shock associated with activities
Name 3 joints and what kind of motion do the perform?
Synarthorsis: no movement
Amiphiarthrosis: some movement
Diarthroses: moves freely
What are the 3 categories of diarthrotic joints and how many planes do they move in?
Monaxial: movement in one plane
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Triaxial: full ROM
Define ligaments ?
Ligaments are the connective tissue that connects bone to bone and holds joints together.
What is the axial skeleton?
The bones of the head, thorax, and spine
How many bones are in the foot ?
7 tarsal, 5 metatarsal and 14 phalanges 26 in total
What’s the knee joint made up of ?
The distal femur, the proximal tibia and the patella
The pelvis consists of 2 symmetrical structures. What are they called ?
The Inominates
When is the maturation of bones complete?
18-20 years of age
How many muscle groups make up the muscular system?
More than 600
There are 3 types of muscle tissue in the body what are they ?
Cardiac
Smooth
And skeletal
The skeletal muscles are controlled by what nervous system?
Somatic
What’s is a fasciculus?
Small bundle of muscle fibres. Many fasciculi make a muscle body.
Skeletal muscles attach to the bones at a minimum of two locations what are they call ?
And define them ?
Origin: attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move
Insertion: attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts
The head consists of 3 structures that cover the brain. What are they ?
Scalp
The cranium
Meninges
Directly beneath the skin and covering the most superior surface of the head is a fibrous connective tissue sheet called _________?
The galea aponeuotica
Define the meninges, and list the layers?
Is 3 membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. They are the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membrane
What does cerebrospinal fluid consist of ?
Water, proteins, and salts
The brain is made up of 3 major structures what are they ?
The cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem
What are the main flexors of the wrist and hand?
Flexor Carpi radialis
Flexor Carpi ulnaris
What are the main extensors of the wrist and hand?
Extensor Carpi radialis longus
Extensor Carpi radialis brevis
Extensor Carpi ulnaris
What muscles make up the rotator cuff (in the shoulder)?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
What muscles make up the hamstrings (knee flexors)?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
What muscles make up the quadriceps (knee extensors)?
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialus
Rectus femoris
What are the monaxial joints and an example?
Hinge joint: Elbow Pivot joints (axis (vertebrae))
What are the biaxial joints and an example?
Condyloid (carpals)
Ellipsoidal (wrist articulating with metacarpals)
Saddle (proximal thumb joint)
What are the triaxial joint(s) and an example?
Ball & Socket (shoulder)
What are the layers of skin protecting the scalp?
S - Skin C - Connective tissue A - Aponeurotica L - Layer of subaponeurotica (Areolar) tissue P - Periosteum of skull (pericranium)
What is inter-cranial pressure?
Pressure exerted on the brain by blood and cerebrospinal fluid
What are the bones that make up the cranium?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Ethmoid Sphenoid
What is the cribriform plate?
Irregular portion of ethmoid bone and a portion of the base of the cranium.
May cause a rough surface that may abrade, contuse, or lacerate the brain during deceleration.
What is the foramen magnum?
Largest opening in the skull
Where the spinal cord exits the brain
What is the Falx Cerebri?
A double fold of the dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Fine tunes motor control, allowing body to move smoothly
What is the function of the brain stem?
Central processing centre, communication junction among cerebrum, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and cerebellum.
(Includes midbrain and pons)
What lobe of the brain is responsible for personality?
Frontal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for motor and sensory activities, memory and emotions?
Parietal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for memory, hearing, speech, taste, and smell?
Temporal lobe
What is the central sulcus?
A fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes
what part of the brain connects the pons, and cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres?
The midbrain
That does the hypothalamus control?
Most metabolic activities (ie. Body temperature) q
What system is responsible for maintaining a humans state of consciousness?
The reticular activating system
What is the function of the pons?
Responsible for communication interchange between cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain, and spinal cord
Relays signals for sleep, swallowing, respirations, eye movement, etc…
What contains the cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centres?
The medulla oblongata
What percent of cardiac output is sent to the brain?
What percent of oxygen is sent to the brain?
15% CO
20% oxygen
Where on the brain does the basilar artery connect?
Circle of Willis
What is normal inter-cranial pressure?
10 mmHg
Describe auto-regulation.
Process that controls blood flow to brain tissue by altering blood pressure
Injury to the reticular activating system will cause?
Unconsciousness/coma
Injury to the pons will result in?
A protracted waking state
Which cranial nerve controls sensation for the face, eye movement, and chewing?
Trigeminal nerve (CN-V)
Which cranial nerve has motor control of the facial muscles and taste?
Facial nerve (CN-VII)
Which cranial nerve controls the tongue and swallowing?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN-XII)
Which cranial nerve controls saliva production and taste?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN-IX)
Simply, describe how we hear.
- Wave sounds cause vibration of tympanic membrane
- Vibrations are transmitted to ossicles
- Ossicles transmitted to the cochlea
- Cochlea stimulate the auditory nerve
- Auditory nerve sends signals to brain
What is vertigo? What causes it?
Damage to the semicircular canals
Semicircular canals send excess signals to brain making person feel a sensation of always moving.
What does the oculomotor nerve (CN-III) control?
Pupil dilation
Conjugate eye movement
What does the trochlear nerve (CN-IV) control?
Inward and downward eye movements
What does the Abducens nerve (CN-VI) control?
Eye abduction
What are the 3 distinct areas of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
33
What are the pedicles?
Thick bony struts on vertebrae that connect vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse processes
What are the lamina?
The posterior wall of the spinal canal (foramen), where peripheral nerve roots and spinal veins exit and where spinal artery enters.
What is the spinal cistern?
Arachnoid villi in lower portion of lumbar region that absorbs cerebrospinal fluid
At what level of vertebrae does the spinal cord end?
L1
How high does the diaphragm extend during max expiration?
Anteriorly: 4th intercostal space
Posteriorly: 6th intercostal space
What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
Diaphragm flattens
Ribs are elevated and move anteriorly to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
As volume increases pressure becomes less than atmospheric driving air in to equalize pressure
What happens to the thoracic cavity during expiration?
Diaphragm moves upward
Ribs move inferiorly and posterior
Decreasing thoracic volume and increasing intra-thoracic pressure (higher than atmospheric) air rushes out
Passive
What is the bellows effect?
Changing of volume to move air in and out of the lungs
The ______ intrathoracic pressure of inspiration helps move venous blood towards the thorax and heart.
Decreased
The ______ intrathoracic pressure of expiration helps move arterial blood away from the thorax and heart.
Increased
The trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi at the… ?
Carina
What is the pulmonary hilum?
Region of the lung where bronchi and pulmonary vasculature enter.
What structures are found in the mediastinum?
Heart
Great vessels
Trachea
Esophagus
