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Anatomy > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Besides giving the body its structural form what are some other purposes?

A

It protects vital organs
Allows for efficient movement despite forces of gravity
Stores many salts and other materials needed for the metabolism
It produces the red blood cells used to transport oxygen

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2
Q

What is the percentage of bone mass is replace each year in the remodelling process?

A

20%

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3
Q

What is osteoblast ?

What is osteoclast ?

A

Osteoblast: is a cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair

Osteoclast: is a bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone

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4
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The diaphysis is the central portion or the shaft of the long bone

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5
Q

What is the epiphysis ?

And what does it do ?

A

Ends of the long bone, spongy/ cancellous bone.
The bones diameter increases dramatically, and the underlying thin hard compact bone of the shaft changes to a network of skeletal fibres and strands.
This network is called the epiphysis, spreads the stress and pressure of weight bearing over a large surface

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6
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Is a growth zone of a bone (epiphyseal plate). Active during the development stages of youth it is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

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7
Q

Where is the medullary canal ?

A

The chamber formed within the hollow of the diaphysis and the cancellous bone of the epiphysis. The central medullary canal is filled with yellow bone marrow (stores fat in a semiliquid form.)

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8
Q

Where is the periosteum?

A

Covers the exterior of the diaphysis

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9
Q

What does cartilage do ?

A

It permits a relatively friction free joint movement and absorbs some of the shock associated with activities

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10
Q

Name 3 joints and what kind of motion do the perform?

A

Synarthorsis: no movement
Amiphiarthrosis: some movement
Diarthroses: moves freely

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories of diarthrotic joints and how many planes do they move in?

A

Monaxial: movement in one plane
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Triaxial: full ROM

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12
Q

Define ligaments ?

A

Ligaments are the connective tissue that connects bone to bone and holds joints together.

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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The bones of the head, thorax, and spine

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14
Q

How many bones are in the foot ?

A

7 tarsal, 5 metatarsal and 14 phalanges 26 in total

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15
Q

What’s the knee joint made up of ?

A

The distal femur, the proximal tibia and the patella

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16
Q

The pelvis consists of 2 symmetrical structures. What are they called ?

A

The Inominates

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17
Q

When is the maturation of bones complete?

A

18-20 years of age

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18
Q

How many muscle groups make up the muscular system?

A

More than 600

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19
Q

There are 3 types of muscle tissue in the body what are they ?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
And skeletal

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20
Q

The skeletal muscles are controlled by what nervous system?

A

Somatic

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21
Q

What’s is a fasciculus?

A

Small bundle of muscle fibres. Many fasciculi make a muscle body.

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22
Q

Skeletal muscles attach to the bones at a minimum of two locations what are they call ?
And define them ?

A

Origin: attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move
Insertion: attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts

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23
Q

The head consists of 3 structures that cover the brain. What are they ?

A

Scalp
The cranium
Meninges

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24
Q

Directly beneath the skin and covering the most superior surface of the head is a fibrous connective tissue sheet called _________?

A

The galea aponeuotica

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25
Q

Define the meninges, and list the layers?

A

Is 3 membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. They are the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membrane

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26
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid consist of ?

A

Water, proteins, and salts

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27
Q

The brain is made up of 3 major structures what are they ?

A

The cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem

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28
Q

What are the main flexors of the wrist and hand?

A

Flexor Carpi radialis

Flexor Carpi ulnaris

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29
Q

What are the main extensors of the wrist and hand?

A

Extensor Carpi radialis longus
Extensor Carpi radialis brevis
Extensor Carpi ulnaris

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30
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuff (in the shoulder)?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

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31
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings (knee flexors)?

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

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32
Q

What muscles make up the quadriceps (knee extensors)?

A

Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialus
Rectus femoris

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33
Q

What are the monaxial joints and an example?

A 
Hinge joint: Elbow
Pivot joints (axis (vertebrae))
34
Q

What are the biaxial joints and an example?

A

Condyloid (carpals)
Ellipsoidal (wrist articulating with metacarpals)
Saddle (proximal thumb joint)

35
Q

What are the triaxial joint(s) and an example?

A

Ball & Socket (shoulder)

36
Q

What are the layers of skin protecting the scalp?

A 
S - Skin
C - Connective tissue
A - Aponeurotica
L -  Layer of subaponeurotica (Areolar) tissue
P - Periosteum of skull (pericranium)
37
Q

What is inter-cranial pressure?

A

Pressure exerted on the brain by blood and cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

What are the bones that make up the cranium?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
39
Q

What is the cribriform plate?

A

Irregular portion of ethmoid bone and a portion of the base of the cranium.
May cause a rough surface that may abrade, contuse, or lacerate the brain during deceleration.

40
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

Largest opening in the skull

Where the spinal cord exits the brain

41
Q

What is the Falx Cerebri?

A

A double fold of the dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

42
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Fine tunes motor control, allowing body to move smoothly

43
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Central processing centre, communication junction among cerebrum, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and cerebellum.
(Includes midbrain and pons)

44
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for personality?

A

Frontal lobe

45
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for motor and sensory activities, memory and emotions?

A

Parietal lobe

46
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for memory, hearing, speech, taste, and smell?

A

Temporal lobe

47
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

A fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes

48
Q

what part of the brain connects the pons, and cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres?

A

The midbrain

49
Q

That does the hypothalamus control?

A

Most metabolic activities (ie. Body temperature) q

50
Q

What system is responsible for maintaining a humans state of consciousness?

A

The reticular activating system

51
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Responsible for communication interchange between cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain, and spinal cord
Relays signals for sleep, swallowing, respirations, eye movement, etc…

52
Q

What contains the cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centres?

A

The medulla oblongata

53
Q

What percent of cardiac output is sent to the brain?

What percent of oxygen is sent to the brain?

A

15% CO

20% oxygen

54
Q

Where on the brain does the basilar artery connect?

A

Circle of Willis

55
Q

What is normal inter-cranial pressure?

A

10 mmHg

56
Q

Describe auto-regulation.

A

Process that controls blood flow to brain tissue by altering blood pressure

57
Q

Injury to the reticular activating system will cause?

A

Unconsciousness/coma

58
Q

Injury to the pons will result in?

A

A protracted waking state

59
Q

Which cranial nerve controls sensation for the face, eye movement, and chewing?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN-V)

60
Q

Which cranial nerve has motor control of the facial muscles and taste?

A

Facial nerve (CN-VII)

61
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the tongue and swallowing?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN-XII)

62
Q

Which cranial nerve controls saliva production and taste?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN-IX)

63
Q

Simply, describe how we hear.

A
  1. Wave sounds cause vibration of tympanic membrane
  2. Vibrations are transmitted to ossicles
  3. Ossicles transmitted to the cochlea
  4. Cochlea stimulate the auditory nerve
  5. Auditory nerve sends signals to brain
64
Q

What is vertigo? What causes it?

A

Damage to the semicircular canals

Semicircular canals send excess signals to brain making person feel a sensation of always moving.

65
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve (CN-III) control?

A

Pupil dilation

Conjugate eye movement

66
Q

What does the trochlear nerve (CN-IV) control?

A

Inward and downward eye movements

67
Q

What does the Abducens nerve (CN-VI) control?

A

Eye abduction

68
Q

What are the 3 distinct areas of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

69
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

A

33

70
Q

What are the pedicles?

A

Thick bony struts on vertebrae that connect vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse processes

71
Q

What are the lamina?

A

The posterior wall of the spinal canal (foramen), where peripheral nerve roots and spinal veins exit and where spinal artery enters.

72
Q

What is the spinal cistern?

A

Arachnoid villi in lower portion of lumbar region that absorbs cerebrospinal fluid

73
Q

At what level of vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

74
Q

How high does the diaphragm extend during max expiration?

A

Anteriorly: 4th intercostal space
Posteriorly: 6th intercostal space

75
Q

What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm flattens
Ribs are elevated and move anteriorly to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
As volume increases pressure becomes less than atmospheric driving air in to equalize pressure

76
Q

What happens to the thoracic cavity during expiration?

A

Diaphragm moves upward
Ribs move inferiorly and posterior
Decreasing thoracic volume and increasing intra-thoracic pressure (higher than atmospheric) air rushes out
Passive

77
Q

What is the bellows effect?

A

Changing of volume to move air in and out of the lungs

78
Q

The ______ intrathoracic pressure of inspiration helps move venous blood towards the thorax and heart.

A

Decreased

79
Q

The ______ intrathoracic pressure of expiration helps move arterial blood away from the thorax and heart.

A

Increased

80
Q

The trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi at the… ?

A

Carina

81
Q

What is the pulmonary hilum?

A

Region of the lung where bronchi and pulmonary vasculature enter.

82
Q

What structures are found in the mediastinum?

A

Heart
Great vessels
Trachea
Esophagus

Anatomy (13 decks)

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