Blood Flashcards
Blood belong the what system?
The hematopoietic system
What’s in the hematopoietic system?
Blood, bone marrow, the liver, the spleen and the kidneys
How is the cellular components of blood formed ?
By the differentiation of a pluripotent stem cell in a process termed hematopoiesis. In the fetus hematopoiesis occurs first outside of the bone marrow in the liver,spleen lymph nodes and thymus
How much blood do we have ?
Is relatively constant at about 6 percent of our total body weight example 81 kg= about 5L of blood
Blood consist of what ?
Liquid or plasma, and formed elements - red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
What does plasma do ?
Transports the cellular components of blood and dissolved nutrients throughout the body and,at the same time transports waste products from cellular metabolism to the liver,kidneys, lungs where they can be removed from body.
At rest how many ml of oxygen does someone require if they weigh 81kg ?
324ml of oxygen
What are the 2 sub populations of lymphocytes and what do they do ?
The T cells are responsible for developing cell mediated immunity which is responsible for delayed hyper sensitivity reactions, tumour suppression,graft rejection and defence against intracellular organisms.
The B cells produce antibodies to combat infection
What causes an autoimmune disease ?
When the body makes antibodies against its own tissues.
What do platelets do ?
Activated upon contact with injured tissues.
Contact stimulates enzyme within the platelet causing the surface to become sticky allowing the platelets to aggregate and form a plug.
As platelets aggregate they also release chemical messengers that also activate the blood clotting system.
What are the 3 mechanisms that work to prevent/ control blood loss in hemostasis?
Vascular spasms
Platelet plugs
Stable fibrin blood clots (coagulation)
what are the 3 mainblasts of white blood cells (immature form)?
Myeloblasts
Monoblasts
Lymphoblasts
What is Leukopoiesis?
The process through which stem cells differentiate into white blood cells’ immature forms
What are the categories of white blood cells?
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Which granulocyte primarily functions in allergic reactions?
Basophils
Which granulocyte fights infections?
Neutrophils
What causes a shift to the right on the Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve?
- Decreased pH
- Increased CO2
- Increased temperature
- Increase 2,3 DPG
What is sequestration?
Trapping of RBCs by an organ (ie. spleen)
What are the types of granulocytes?
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes can further mature into…?
Macrophages
Which WBC’s attack tumours and participate in tissue repair?
Monocytes
What are the primary cells involved in the body’s immune response?
Lymphocytes
What lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity?
T-cells
What lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity?
B-cells
What type of immunity keeps a memory of previous infections?
humoral immunity (B-cells)
What are effector cells responsible for?
in regards to - cell mediated immunity
Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions
Tumour suppression
Graft rejection
Defence against intracellular organisms
How does HIV affect the immune response?
Destroys cell mediated immunity by selectively attacking and killing T-cells
What is the inflammatory process?
Nonspecific defence mechanism that wards off damage from microorganisms or trauma
What are the signs of local inflammation?
Pain
Redness
Swelling
Heat
What is thrombocytopenia?
Having too few platelets that can lead to bleeding problems and blood loss.
What are the 3 steps in the coagulation cascade?
- Intrinsic pathway: platelets release substances leading to formation of prothrombin activator
OR
Extrinsic pathway: tissue damage substances leading to formation of prothrombin activator - Common pathway: prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin
- Thrombin: converts fibrinogen into fibrin (which traps blood cells and platelets to form clot)
The kidney and to a lesser extent the liver produce ______
Erythropoietin
The hormone responsible for red blood cell production
________ the process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells
Hematopoiesis
The _____ system consists of blood, bone marrow, the live, the spleen and kidneys
Hematopoietic system
______ is a thick, pale yellow fluid that is 90-92% water, 6-7% proteins and the 2-3% is made up of fats, carbohydrates and electrolytes gases,
This makes up the liquid portion is blood
Plasma
______ ______ perform many functions:
Clotting blood, dismantling clots, buffering if the bloods acid-base balance, transporting hormones and regulating their effects, providing energy
Plasma proteins
_______ are essential for nerve conduct in, mucked contracting and water balance
Electrolytes
________ in plasma are generally in the form of glucose, the primary energy source for all body tissue
Carbohydrates
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are dissolved and transported in _____
Plasma
_______ is a waxy substance that lubricates the epidermis. Helps keep the skin pliable and water proof
Sebum
The ________ removes toxins from the blood and produces many is the clotting factors and proteins in plasma
Liver
