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MD3001 > Pathophysiology of Hypertension > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between primary hypertension and secondary hypertension?

A

Primary - idiopathic (unknown origin)

Secondary - associated with other diseases or of a known aetiology

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2
Q

Mentioning vascular resistance in your explanation, why does altitude cause pulmonary hypertension?

A

Lack of O2, detected by lungs, reflex vasoconstriction, increased vascular resistance, increased pulmonary pressure

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3
Q

Above what pressure is Stage 1 systolic hypertension clinically diagnosed?

A

140/90

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4
Q

Above what pressure is Stage 2 hypertension clinically diagnosed?

A

160/100

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5
Q

Below what pressure is a patient considered clinically hypotensive?

A

90/60

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6
Q

List some possible underlying causes of hypertension.

A

Increase in total peripheral resistance
Increased sympathetic nerve activity
Balance between contraction/relaxation changes

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7
Q

What will an increase in extracellular Na+ cause?

A

Influx of Na+ into cells and subsequent depolarisation

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8
Q

List 6 causes of secondary hypertension.

A 
Renal disease
Diabetes
Endocrine disorders
Coarctation (narrowing) of the aorta
Some drugs
Pregnancy (leading to eclampsia (spasms))
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9
Q

Name some modifiable risk factors of hypertension.

A 
Exercise
Diet
Obesity
Smoking
Alcohol intake
Stress
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10
Q

What are some non-modifiable risk factors of hypertension?

A 
Age
Family history
Abnormal inhibition of Na+/K+/ATPase pump
Male
African/Caribbean origin
Personality type
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11
Q

What are the major causes of death associated with hypertension? Use percentages on each to represent proportions.

A

Heart failure 50%
Myocardial Infarction 20%
Stroke 20%
Renal failure 10%

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12
Q

What 3 affects can hypertension have on vasculature?

A

Accelerated atherosclerosis
Stroke
Retinopathy

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13
Q

How can hypertension cause heart failure?

A

Pressure overload from increased total peripheral resistance leading to left ventricular hypertrophy
OR
Volume overload due to renal failure, decreased actin-myosin overlap

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14
Q

What happens in renal failure?

A

Autoregulation tries to protect the glomerulus
Albumineria (albumin moving out of the blood, into the urine)
Continued high pressure thickens and narrows arteries
Urine formation falls due to decreased clearance of creatinine, urea and waste products and volume overload

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15
Q

What are some of the causes of pulmonary hypertension?

A 
Hypoxia
Genetics
Endothelial dysfunction
Reynaud's disease
Blockage of or damage to pulmonary vessels
Drug side effects
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16
Q

In what percentage of cases is hypertension idiopathic and therefore primary?

A

90%

17
Q

With subsequent ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring (ABPM or HBPM), above what pressure is considered Stage 1 hypertension?

A

135/85mmHg

18
Q

With subsequent ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring (ABPM or HBPM), above what pressure is considered Stage 2 hypertension?

A

150/95mmHg

19
Q

What is classed as severe hypertension?

A

180mmHg systolic OR 110mmHg diastolic

20
Q

What are some potential causes of primary hypertension?

A

Endothelial damage –> decreased NO production
Increased wall thickness to lumen size ratio
Increased extracellular Na+ (vascular reactivity)
Pathological Na+/K+ -ATPase pump inhibition

21
Q

What are the two main factors that can be added together to increase BP?

A

Increased vascular reactivity

Increased sympathetic nerve activity

22
Q

What is retinopathy the result of?

A

Hypertension causes damage to the retinal arteries. Narrowing occurs and following occlusion, oedema and haemorrhage arise

23
Q

What can retinopathy lead to if left untreated?

A

Blindness

24
Q

In a case of stage 3 severe hypertension, what abnormality would you expect to see on an ECG?

A

Inverted T waves

25
Q

How long can a typical 35 year old male expect to live with normal BP?

A

38-40 years more

26
Q

How long can a typical 35 year old male expect to live with Stage 1 hypertension?

A

15-20 years more

27
Q

How long can a typical 35 year old male expect to live with Stage 3 severe hypertension?

A

8-10 years

28
Q

A 2mmHg rise in systolic BP accounts for what percentage rise in risk of:
Heart disease?
Stroke?

A

Heart disease: 7%

Stroke: 10%

29
Q

What is the recommended treatment course for a hypertensive patient who is aged under 55 years old?

A

A - ACE inhibitor or ARB
C - Calcium channel blocker
D - Diuretic
B - Beta blocker, Alpha blocker or Spironolactone

30
Q

What is the recommended treatment course for a hypertensive patient who is either aged over 55 years old or is of African or Caribbean origin, of any age?

A

C - Calcium channel blocker
A - ACE inhibitor or ARB
D - Diuretic
B - Beta blocker, Alpha blocker or Spironolactone

MD3001 (63 decks)

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