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Applied Pathology > Pathology overview information > Flashcards

Pathology overview information Flashcards

1
Q

Acute

define

A

short term, severe
Disease or condition that appears suddenly and is of short duration (few days to a few weeks);
50%+ respiratory in nature and viral in origin
30% are injuries

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2
Q

Chronic

define

A

Long term, low intensity
disease or condition which develops slowly and lasts for a prolonged period
1 = peridontal
2 = mental

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3
Q

top 5 chronic diseases

A 
arthritis
hearing impairment
hypertension
heart disease
visual impairment
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4
Q

diagnosis

A

name given to a patient’s illness or condition

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5
Q

disease

A

lack of homeostasis

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6
Q

etiology

A

the study of the origin or cause of a disease

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7
Q

health

A

state of optimal physical, mental and emotional well being

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8
Q

infection

A

the state or condition in which the body or part of it are invaded by a pathogenic agent that multiplies and causes cellular injury

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9
Q

idiopathic

A

a disease of unknown cause

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10
Q

pathogen

A

any virus, microorganism, or substance causing disease

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11
Q

pathology

A

the structural and functional manifestation of disease and trauma

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12
Q

prognosis

A

the predicted outcome of a disease

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13
Q

signs

A

objective abnormalities which can be observed by someone other than the patient

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14
Q

symptoms

A

subjective abnormalities as reported by the patient

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15
Q

trauma

A

damage due to mechanical injury, chemical agents, extreme temperature or radiation that alters the normal homeostatic process

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16
Q

infection

A

invasion by pathogenic organisms

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17
Q

types of infection

A 
airborne
concurrent
cross
focal
mixed
secondary
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18
Q

airborne infection

A

spread from one person to another by coughing/sneezing

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19
Q

concurrent infection

A

two separate infections occuring at the same time in one individual

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20
Q

cross infection

A

occuring in a hospital, transmitted from another patient

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21
Q

focal infection

A

localized to certain tissues from which bacteria may spread throughout the body

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22
Q

mixed infection

A

two or more bacteria are involved

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23
Q

secondary infection

A

superimposed infection upon another infection caused by a different microorganism

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24
Q

four types of pathogens

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites

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25
Q

bacteria

6

A 
staphylococcus
strepoccocus
gonococcus
diplococcus
bacilli
spirochetes
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26
Q

staphylococcus

6

A 
skin infections
furnuncle (boils)
carbuncle (cluster of boils),
acne (an infection of sebaceous glands)
folloculitis
impetigo (highly contagious, most often in kids)
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27
Q

strepoccocus

A 
impetigo
cellulitis (widespread infection usually involves the skin and possibly deeper tissues and produces intense inflammation
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28
Q

gonococcus

A

gonorrhea

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29
Q

diplococcus

A

pneumonia

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30
Q

bacilli

6

A 
spore makers:
anthrax
tuberculosis
typhoid
tetanus
diphtheria
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31
Q

spirochetes

A

syphilis
lyme disease (from tick bites)
peptic ulcers

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32
Q

viruses

7

A 
herpes simplex
herpes zoster
HIV
Epstein/Barr
Hepatitis A thru G
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
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33
Q

herpes simplex

A

fever blisters (manifests in time of stress)

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34
Q

herpes zoster

A

shingles (sensory neuron infection in dermatomal pattern from dormant chickenpox virus)

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35
Q

HIV

A

AIDS (acquired immune defficiency syndrome)

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36
Q

Epstein/Barr

A

Mononucleosis

37
Q

Hepatitis A thru G

A

viral attacks against liver cells causing inflamed liver

38
Q

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

A

Warts

verra vulgaris - targets keratinocytes in epidermis

plantar warts - grow most commonly on heels

39
Q

Fungi

5

A 
tinea corporis
tinea pedis
tinea cruris
tinea versicolor
candidiasis
40
Q

tinea corporis

A

ringworm

41
Q

tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

42
Q

tinea cruris

A

jock itch

43
Q

tinea versicolor

A

sun spots (loss of pigment)

44
Q

candidiasis

A

skin folds, moist areas, mucous membranes (thrush, vaginal and gastrointestional “overgrowth”)

45
Q

parasites

2

A

mites

pediculosis (lice)

46
Q

mites

A

cause skin lesions called scabies
burrow under epidermis causing intense itching from waste products (defecate, urinate, lay eggs) under skin
direct contact

47
Q

pediculosis (lice)

A

head

pubic

48
Q

pediculosis (lice)

head

A

eggs (nits) easily seen as small rice shaped flecks on hair shafts
head lice jump
no contact required to become infected

49
Q

pediculosis (lice)

pubic

A 
tiny white (crabs)
do not jump
infected by sexual contact or contaminated sheets
50
Q

degeneration

A

normal aging process

51
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal tissue growth or tumor

benign or malignant

52
Q

neoplasm

benign

A

tissue growth is surrounded by capsul

non-life threatening

53
Q

neoplasm

malignant

A

tissue growth is not encapsulated and spreads to other tissues/body parts via blood of lymphatic system (metastasis)

carcinoma or sarcoma

54
Q

neoplasm

malignant - carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm arising from ephitherial tissue

55
Q

neoplasm

malignant - sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm arising from other than ephitherial tissue

56
Q

genetic/congential

A

abnormal development caused by genetics, at birth, or shortly after birth

57
Q

deficiency

A

nutritional imbalances of essential nutrients (obesity, protien/caloric deficiency)

58
Q

auto immune

A

attack by body’s own immune system

59
Q

predisposing conditions

5

A 
genetic
lifestyle
stress
environmental
age
60
Q

predisposing conditions

genetic

A

an inherited trait putting a greater risk of developing a specific disorder

61
Q

predisposing conditions

lifestyle

A

work or living conditions, sun exposure, dietary habits leading to specific diseases

62
Q

predisposing conditions

stress

A

physical and emotional challenges that lower the immune response

63
Q

predisposing conditions

environmental

A

air quality, climate influences on the body and DISEASE ORGANISMS

64
Q

predisposing conditions

age

A

aging process increases risk of developing certain disorders

65
Q

inflammation

A

a protective reaction by the body in response to cellular injury/death

66
Q

five principal signs/symptoms of inflammation

A 
heat
redness
swelling
pain
disturbance of function
67
Q

principal signs/symptoms of inflammation

heat

A

caused by increased blood flow (hyperemia)

68
Q

hyperemia

A

increased blood flow

69
Q

principal signs/symptoms of inflammation

redness

A

caused by increased blood flow

70
Q

principal signs/symptoms of inflammation

swelling

A

release of histamine from mast cells causing vasodilation and increased permeability of small vessels leading to loss of fluid in surrounding tissues

71
Q

principal signs/symptoms of inflammation

pain

A

bradykinin is formed and initiates a pain response

72
Q

principal signs/symptoms of inflammation

disturbance of function

A

disturbance of function

73
Q

Three functions involved in the inflammatory response

A

chemical
vascular
cellular

74
Q

functions involved in the inflammatory response

chemical

A

inflammation mediators released from nearby cells cause increased permeability of blood vessel walls and capillary dilation

75
Q

functions involved in the inflammatory response

vascular

A

vasodilation, vasoconstriction, vessel walls permeability changes

76
Q

functions involved in the inflammatory response

cellular

A

platelets and white blood cells are drqwn to the area to assis in both defensive and cleanup duties (chemotaxia);
fibrin formation thickens plasma, trapping bacteria;
white blood cells consume pathogens and debris (phagocytosis)

77
Q

Three levels of inflammation

A

acute
sub-acute
chronic

78
Q

levels of inflammation

acute

A

begins immediately
reaches peak in 6-8 hours after trauma
lasts 24-48 hours

79
Q

levels of inflammation

sub-acute

A

inflammation lasts longer than a few days, caused by foreign body (a splinter), weakened immune system, re-injured injury.
Pathogens are present creating infection, immune response increases producing pus

80
Q

levels of inflammation

chronic

A

continues more than a few weeks

excessive collagen fibers cause tough dense mass called adhesions and scar tissue (fibrosis)

81
Q

fibrosis

A

scar tissue

82
Q

injury to a cell results in either

A

recovery or necrosis (cell death)

83
Q

reversible cell injury or recovery

A

characterized by preservation of the nucleus

84
Q

irreversible cell injury

name

2 types

A

necrosis
nucleus is destroyed or cell membrane disrupted

anoxia - lack of oxygen
hypoxia - reduced oxygen

85
Q

tissue repair

A

occurs through regeneration or fibrosis

86
Q

tissue repair

regeneration

A

destroyed tissue replaced by similiar cells

Most desirable type of repair as normal function is often restored

87
Q

tissue repair

regeneration

epithelial & bone marrow tissue

A

continously replacing their cells

have a greater capacity for regeneration

88
Q

tissue repair

regeneration

nervous & cardiac

A

cannot undergo cell division in adults

lack the ability to rebuild

89
Q

tissue repair

fibrosis

A

(scaring) can occur in any tissue
produces a dense mass of collagen known as a scar;
does not restore normal function but provides a strong bridge between the damaged area and normal tissue
process carried out by fibroblasts which lay down collagen fibers and later contract and stabilize the damaged area.

Applied Pathology (10 decks)

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