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Pathology overview information Flashcards

1
Q

Acute

define

A

short term, severe
Disease or condition that appears suddenly and is of short duration (few days to a few weeks);
50%+ respiratory in nature and viral in origin
30% are injuries

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2
Q

Chronic

define

A

Long term, low intensity
disease or condition which develops slowly and lasts for a prolonged period
1 = peridontal
2 = mental

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3
Q

top 5 chronic diseases

A 
arthritis
hearing impairment
hypertension
heart disease
visual impairment
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4
Q

diagnosis

A

name given to a patient’s illness or condition

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5
Q

disease

A

lack of homeostasis

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6
Q

etiology

A

the study of the origin or cause of a disease

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7
Q

health

A

state of optimal physical, mental and emotional well being

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8
Q

infection

A

the state or condition in which the body or part of it are invaded by a pathogenic agent that multiplies and causes cellular injury

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9
Q

idiopathic

A

a disease of unknown cause

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10
Q

pathogen

A

any virus, microorganism, or substance causing disease

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11
Q

pathology

A

the structural and functional manifestation of disease and trauma

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12
Q

prognosis

A

the predicted outcome of a disease

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13
Q

signs

A

objective abnormalities which can be observed by someone other than the patient

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14
Q

symptoms

A

subjective abnormalities as reported by the patient

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15
Q

trauma

A

damage due to mechanical injury, chemical agents, extreme temperature or radiation that alters the normal homeostatic process

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16
Q

infection

A

invasion by pathogenic organisms

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17
Q

types of infection

A 
airborne
concurrent
cross
focal
mixed
secondary
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18
Q

airborne infection

A

spread from one person to another by coughing/sneezing

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19
Q

concurrent infection

A

two separate infections occuring at the same time in one individual

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20
Q

cross infection

A

occuring in a hospital, transmitted from another patient

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21
Q

focal infection

A

localized to certain tissues from which bacteria may spread throughout the body

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22
Q

mixed infection

A

two or more bacteria are involved

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23
Q

secondary infection

A

superimposed infection upon another infection caused by a different microorganism

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24
Q

four types of pathogens

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites

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25
bacteria 6
``` staphylococcus strepoccocus gonococcus diplococcus bacilli spirochetes ```
26
staphylococcus 6
``` skin infections furnuncle (boils) carbuncle (cluster of boils), acne (an infection of sebaceous glands) folloculitis impetigo (highly contagious, most often in kids) ```
27
strepoccocus
``` impetigo cellulitis (widespread infection usually involves the skin and possibly deeper tissues and produces intense inflammation ```
28
gonococcus
gonorrhea
29
diplococcus
pneumonia
30
bacilli 6
``` spore makers: anthrax tuberculosis typhoid tetanus diphtheria ```
31
spirochetes
syphilis lyme disease (from tick bites) peptic ulcers
32
viruses 7
``` herpes simplex herpes zoster HIV Epstein/Barr Hepatitis A thru G Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) ```
33
herpes simplex
fever blisters (manifests in time of stress)
34
herpes zoster
shingles (sensory neuron infection in dermatomal pattern from dormant chickenpox virus)
35
HIV
AIDS (acquired immune defficiency syndrome)
36
Epstein/Barr
Mononucleosis
37
Hepatitis A thru G
viral attacks against liver cells causing inflamed liver
38
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Warts verra vulgaris - targets keratinocytes in epidermis plantar warts - grow most commonly on heels
39
Fungi 5
``` tinea corporis tinea pedis tinea cruris tinea versicolor candidiasis ```
40
tinea corporis
ringworm
41
tinea pedis
athlete's foot
42
tinea cruris
jock itch
43
tinea versicolor
sun spots (loss of pigment)
44
candidiasis
skin folds, moist areas, mucous membranes (thrush, vaginal and gastrointestional "overgrowth")
45
parasites 2
mites | pediculosis (lice)
46
mites
cause skin lesions called scabies burrow under epidermis causing intense itching from waste products (defecate, urinate, lay eggs) under skin direct contact
47
pediculosis (lice)
head | pubic
48
pediculosis (lice) head
eggs (nits) easily seen as small rice shaped flecks on hair shafts head lice jump no contact required to become infected
49
pediculosis (lice) pubic
``` tiny white (crabs) do not jump infected by sexual contact or contaminated sheets ```
50
degeneration
normal aging process
51
neoplasm
abnormal tissue growth or tumor benign or malignant
52
neoplasm benign
tissue growth is surrounded by capsul non-life threatening
53
neoplasm malignant
tissue growth is not encapsulated and spreads to other tissues/body parts via blood of lymphatic system (metastasis) carcinoma or sarcoma
54
neoplasm malignant - carcinoma
malignant neoplasm arising from ephitherial tissue
55
neoplasm malignant - sarcoma
malignant neoplasm arising from other than ephitherial tissue
56
genetic/congential
abnormal development caused by genetics, at birth, or shortly after birth
57
deficiency
nutritional imbalances of essential nutrients (obesity, protien/caloric deficiency)
58
auto immune
attack by body's own immune system
59
predisposing conditions 5
``` genetic lifestyle stress environmental age ```
60
predisposing conditions genetic
an inherited trait putting a greater risk of developing a specific disorder
61
predisposing conditions lifestyle
work or living conditions, sun exposure, dietary habits leading to specific diseases
62
predisposing conditions stress
physical and emotional challenges that lower the immune response
63
predisposing conditions environmental
air quality, climate influences on the body and DISEASE ORGANISMS
64
predisposing conditions age
aging process increases risk of developing certain disorders
65
inflammation
a protective reaction by the body in response to cellular injury/death
66
five principal signs/symptoms of inflammation
``` heat redness swelling pain disturbance of function ```
67
principal signs/symptoms of inflammation heat
caused by increased blood flow (hyperemia)
68
hyperemia
increased blood flow
69
principal signs/symptoms of inflammation redness
caused by increased blood flow
70
principal signs/symptoms of inflammation swelling
release of histamine from mast cells causing vasodilation and increased permeability of small vessels leading to loss of fluid in surrounding tissues
71
principal signs/symptoms of inflammation pain
bradykinin is formed and initiates a pain response
72
principal signs/symptoms of inflammation disturbance of function
disturbance of function
73
Three functions involved in the inflammatory response
chemical vascular cellular
74
functions involved in the inflammatory response chemical
inflammation mediators released from nearby cells cause increased permeability of blood vessel walls and capillary dilation
75
functions involved in the inflammatory response vascular
vasodilation, vasoconstriction, vessel walls permeability changes
76
functions involved in the inflammatory response cellular
platelets and white blood cells are drqwn to the area to assis in both defensive and cleanup duties (chemotaxia); fibrin formation thickens plasma, trapping bacteria; white blood cells consume pathogens and debris (phagocytosis)
77
Three levels of inflammation
acute sub-acute chronic
78
levels of inflammation acute
begins immediately reaches peak in 6-8 hours after trauma lasts 24-48 hours
79
levels of inflammation sub-acute
inflammation lasts longer than a few days, caused by foreign body (a splinter), weakened immune system, re-injured injury. Pathogens are present creating infection, immune response increases producing pus
80
levels of inflammation chronic
continues more than a few weeks | excessive collagen fibers cause tough dense mass called adhesions and scar tissue (fibrosis)
81
fibrosis
scar tissue
82
injury to a cell results in either
recovery or necrosis (cell death)
83
reversible cell injury or recovery
characterized by preservation of the nucleus
84
irreversible cell injury name 2 types
necrosis nucleus is destroyed or cell membrane disrupted anoxia - lack of oxygen hypoxia - reduced oxygen
85
tissue repair
occurs through regeneration or fibrosis
86
tissue repair regeneration
destroyed tissue replaced by similiar cells | Most desirable type of repair as normal function is often restored
87
tissue repair regeneration epithelial & bone marrow tissue
continously replacing their cells | have a greater capacity for regeneration
88
tissue repair regeneration nervous & cardiac
cannot undergo cell division in adults | lack the ability to rebuild
89
tissue repair fibrosis
(scaring) can occur in any tissue produces a dense mass of collagen known as a scar; does not restore normal function but provides a strong bridge between the damaged area and normal tissue process carried out by fibroblasts which lay down collagen fibers and later contract and stabilize the damaged area.

Applied Pathology (10 decks)

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