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GI AM > Pathology of upper GI tract > Flashcards

Pathology of upper GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does oesophageal reflux cause?

A

Thickening of squamous epithelium

In severe cases, ulceration of oesophagus

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2
Q

What are the complications of oesophageal reflux?

A

Healing by fibrosis- impaired oesophageal motility and oesophageal obstruction
Barrett’s oesophagus- type of metaplasia, transformation of squamous to glandular epithelium

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3
Q

What can Barnet’s oesophagus develop into?

A

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

What are the types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

What are the risk factors for oesophageal squamous carcinoma?

A

Smoking
Alcoho
Dietary carcinogens

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

Barrett’s metaplasia

Obesity

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7
Q

What are the local effects of oesophageal cancer?

A

Obstruction
Ulceration
Perforation

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8
Q

Where does oesophageal cancer commonly spread to and how?

A

Direct to surrounding structures
Lymphatic to regional lymph nodes
In the blood to the lover

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9
Q

What is the prognosis for oesophageal cancer?

A

5 year survival <15%

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10
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the stomach

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of gastritis?

A

Autoimmune
Bacterial
Chemical

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12
Q

What causes autoimmune gastritis?

A

Autoantibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor

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13
Q

What is the pathology of autoimmune gastritis?

A

Atrophy and loss of acid secreting gastric epithelium

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14
Q

What is the most common organism associated with bacterial gastritis?

A

H. pylori

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of bacterial gastritis?

A

Bacteria causes an acute and chronic inflammatory response, increasing acid production

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16
Q

What chemicals are associated with chemical gastritis?

A

Drugs, esp NSAIDs
Alcohol
Bile reflux

17
Q

What is peptic ulceration?

A

Imbalance between acid secretion and mucosal barrier

18
Q

Where do peptic ulcers affect?

A

Lower oesophagus
Body and antrum of stomach
First and second parts of duodenum

19
Q

What is peptic ulceration associated with?

A

H. pylori

20
Q

What are the complications of peptic ulceration?

A

Bleeding acute or chronic
Perforation causing peritonitis
Healing by fibrosis causing obstruction

21
Q

What do acute and chronic bleeding in peptic ulceration cause?

A 
Acute= haemorrhage
Chronic= anaemia
22
Q

What is the histology of stomach cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

23
Q

What is stomach cancer associated with?

A

Previous H. pylori infection

24
Q

How does stomach cancer develop?

A

Through phases of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia

25
Q

What are the methods of spread of stomach cancer?

A

Direct
Lymphatic
Blood
Transcoelomic

26
Q

What is transcoelomic spread?

A

Spread within the peritoneal cavity

27
Q

What is the prognosis for stomach cancer?

A

5 year survival <20%

GI AM (34 decks)

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