Nutrition in health and disease Flashcards
What are the fixed components of nutrient demand?
Basal requirements
Mechanical work
Substrate turnover
What does the membrane require energy for?
Pumps
Signalling
Transport
What mechanical work is involved in the fixed component of nutrient demand?
Cellular level
Tissue level
What are the variable components of nutrient demand?
Processing dietro intake
Physical activity
Maintaining body temp
Growth
How can basal metabolic rate be measured?
Direct calorimetry
What does basal metabolic rate depend on?
Lean body mass
Activity and illness
What is nutritional failure?
Failure to meet nutritional requirements
Development of deficiencies
What is malnutrition?
State of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients, causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form (body shape, size, composition), body function and clinical outcome
What terms does malnutrition encompass?
Protein energy malnutrition- both over and under
Malnutrition of other nutrients e.g. micronutrients
What is marasmus?
Severe protein and calorie malnutrition characterised by energy deficiency
What is kwashiorkor?
Protein energy malnutrition causing bloated appearance
What does over nutrition cause?
Obesity, which leads to longer term problems
How is over nutrition usually defined?
BMI
What BMIs would be seen as overweight and obese?
>25= overweight >30= obese
What can obesity lead to?
Metabolic syndromes
Cancer
What metabolic diseases can obesity lead to?
Hypertension CV disease Type 2 diabetes mellitus Fatty liver NASH Cirrhosis
What cancers can obesity contribute to?
Breast
Bowel
What does undernutrition lead to?
Weight loss and impaired function
What BMIs would be seen as underweight?
<20= underweight <18= physical impairment <16= increasingly severe consequences
How is undernutrition screened?
Malnutrition universal screening tool
What is used in the malnutrition universal screening tool?
BMI
Unintentional weight loss
Diet in last 5 days
What is malnutrition associated with?
Illness
Social isolation
Age
Socially vulnerable groups
What are the consequences of malnutrition?
Impaired immune response Reduced muscle strength Impaired wound healing and recovery from illness/surgery Impaired psychosocial function Poorer clinical outcomes
What are the 3 causes of undernutrition?
Appetite failure
Access failure
Intestinal failure
What are the appetite failure causes of under nutrition?
Anorexia nervosa
Disease related
What are the access related causes f under nutrition?
Teeth
Stroke
Cancer of head and neck
Head injury
What causes intestinal failure malnutrition?
Reduction in function gut mass below minimal amount necessary for adequate digestion and absorption of nutrients
How does illness have an effect on nutrition?
Can radically alter intake and demand and create negative imbalance
