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GI AM > Gastric motility and pancreatic function > Flashcards

Gastric motility and pancreatic function Flashcards

1
Q

What sort of motility is there in the body of the stomach?

A

Thin muscles cause weak contractions

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2
Q

What sort of motility is there in the antrum of the stomach?

A

Thick muscle causes a powerful contraction and mixing of the gastric contents

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3
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Entrance to duodenum

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4
Q

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Only a small amount of content can enter the duodenum

Further mixing as astral contents forced back

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5
Q

What is peristaltic rhythm?

A

3 waves per min

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6
Q

What is peristaltic rhythm created by?

A

Pacemaker cells in the longitudinal muscle

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7
Q

How is peristaltic rhythm created?

A

Spontaneous depolarisation of longitudinal muscle pacemakers
Conducted through gap junctions in longitudinal muscle
Further depolarisation causes it to reach threshold and induce action potentials, causing contraction

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8
Q

What determines the strength of peristaltic contraction?

A

The number of action potentials per wave

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9
Q

What is the neural and hormonal control of peristalsis?

A

Gastrin increases contraction
Distension of stomach wall causing stimulation of vagus nerve or ENS increases contraction
Fat/acid/amino acid/hypertonicity in duodenum causes inhibition of motility

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10
Q

How is acid neutralised in the duodenum?

A

Bicarbonate

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11
Q

What secretes bicarbonate in the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s gland duct cells

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12
Q

What controls duodenal bicarbonate secretion?

A

Acid in the duodenum

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13
Q

What are the methods by which bicarb secretion in the duodenum is controlled?

A

Vagal and ENS reflexes cause bicarbonate secretion

Release of secretin causes bicarb secretion from pancreas and liver

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14
Q

What inhibits secretin release?

A

Neutralisation of acid

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pancreas?

A

Head
Body
Tail

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16
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas located?

A

Curvature of duodenum

17
Q

Where is the tail of the pancreas?

A

Extending to spleen

18
Q

What s present in the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets

19
Q

What do pancreatic islets produce?

A

Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

20
Q

What is somatostatin?

A

Controls secretion of both insulin and glucagon

21
Q

What is in the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells that form lobules connected by intercalated ducts

22
Q

What do intercalated ducts form?

A

Intercalated ducts feed into intralobular ducts which form the main pancreatic duct –> common bile duct –> sphincter of Oddi–> duodenum

23
Q

What is the accessory duct of the pancreas?

A

Extra duct feeding into duodenum that can open if other ducts are blocked

24
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas responsible for?

A

Digestive function of pancreas

25
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Bicarbonate by duct cells

Digestive enzymes by acing cells

26
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

Inactive enzyme precursor

27
Q

What do acing cells contain?

A

Digestive enzymes stored a zymogen granules

28
Q

What does storage of enzymes as zymogens do?

A

Prevent auto digestion of pancreas

29
Q

How are pancreatic enzymes converted out of the zymogen form?

A

Membrane bound enterokinase converts trypsinogen to trypsin which converts all other zymogens to active forms

30
Q

What are the categories of pancreatic enzymes?

A 
Proteases
Nucleases
Elastases
Phospholipases
alpha amylase
31
Q

What do proteases to?

A

Cleave peptide bonds

32
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

Hydrolyse DNA/RNA

33
Q

What do elastase do?

A

Digest collagen

34
Q

What do phospholipase do?

A

Convert phospholipids to fatty acids

35
Q

What do lipase do?

A

Breakdown triacylglycerol to monoglyceride and fatty acids

36
Q

What does alpha amylase do?

A

Converts starch to maltose

37
Q

How is bicarbonate secretion controlled?

A

Secretin released in response to acid in the duodenum

38
Q

How is zymogen secretion controlled?

A

Stimulated by cholecyokinin which is released in response to fat or amino acids in the duodenum

39
Q

What is the neural control of pancreatic function?

A

Vagal and ENS reflexes controlled by arrival of organic nutrients in duodenum

GI AM (34 decks)

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