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GI AM > Liver structure and function > Flashcards

Liver structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Upper right quadrant of abdomen

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2
Q

What are the 2 major lobes of the liver?

A

Right and left

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3
Q

What are the 2 minor lobes of the liver?

A

Quadrate

Caudate

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4
Q

What lobe is superior, caudate or quadrate?

A

Caudate

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5
Q

What vessels are present at the porta?

A 
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Lymphatic vessels
R and L hepatic ducts
Hepatic nerve plexus
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6
Q

Where is the porta located?

A

Inferior surface of liver

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7
Q

What forms the common hepatic duct?

A

R and L hepatic ducts

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8
Q

What forms the common bile duct?

A

Common hepatic duct and cystic duct from gallbladder

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9
Q

How and where does the common bile duct enter the intestinal system?

A

Duodenum via the sphincter of Oddi

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10
Q

What covers the liver?

A

Connective tissue capsule and visceral peritoneum, except for the bare area

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11
Q

What is the bare area bare?

A

Small area on diaphragmatic surface surrounded by coronary ligament not covered

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12
Q

What does the capsule form at the porta?

A

Branching network of septa into the body of the liver for support

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13
Q

What happen to the septa in the liver?

A

Followed in by vessels, ducts and nerves before dividing the liver into hexagonal lobules

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14
Q

What is in the portal triad?

A

Hepatic portal venule
Hepatic arteriole
Hepatic duct
Also contains nerves and lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

Where is the portal triad located?

A

At each corner of the hexagonal lobule

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16
Q

What is in the centre of each lobule?

A

Central vein

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17
Q

What do central veins form?

A

Hepatic veins then IVC

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18
Q

What are hepatic cords?

A

Cords of hepatocytes spreading out from the central vein separated by sinusoids

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19
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Blood channels travelling from portal venues to the central vein with a fenestrated membrane and epithelium

20
Q

What lies between the cells in each hepatic cord?

A

Bile canaliculus

21
Q

What are bile canaliculus?

A

Cleft like lumen running between hepatocytes that hepatocytes put their secretions into

22
Q

What ar the 6 components of bile?

A 
Bile acids
Lecithin
Cholesterol
Bile pigments
Toxic metals
Bicarbonate
23
Q

What is the function of bile acids, lecithin and cholesterol in bile?

A

Solubilise fat

24
Q

What is the main bile pigment in bile?

A

Billirubin

Gives bile yellow colour

25
Q

What is the function of bicarbonate in the bile?

A

Neutralisation of acid chyme

26
Q

What secretes the components of bile?

A

All except bicarbonate secreted by hepatocytes

Bicarbonate secreted by duct cells

27
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

Breakdown products of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes

28
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Dominant bile pigment

29
Q

What is bilirubin present in?

A

Bile, faeces, urine

30
Q

How does bilirubin give bile its colour?

A

Extracted from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile

31
Q

How does bilirubin give faeces its colour?

A

Modified by bacterial enzymes to brown pigments

32
Q

How does bilirubin give urine its colour?

A

Reabsorbed bilirubin excreted in urine

33
Q

How are bile acids made?

A

Synthesised in hepatocytes from cholesterol

34
Q

How much bile acid to we make a day and how much do we have stored?

A

0.5g

5g

35
Q

What happens to bile acids before secretion?

A

Conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile salts to increase

36
Q

What happens to secreted bile salts?

A

Recycled via enterohepatic circulation

37
Q

How big is the gallbladder?

A

8x4cm

38
Q

What are the layers of the gallbladder wall?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

39
Q

What is present in the mucosa of the gallbladder>

A

Rugae for expansion

40
Q

What kind of muscle is present in the muscular externa of the gallbladder?

A

Smooth muscle

41
Q

Where does bile from the gallbladder travel?

A

Cystic duct, common bile duct then duodenum via sphincter of Oddi

42
Q

What controls bile secretion?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

43
Q

What happens when the sphincter of Oddi is contracted?

A

Bile forced back into gallbladder

44
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Store and concentrate bile

45
Q

How does the gallbladder concentrate bile?

A

By absorbing Na+ and H2O

46
Q

How does bile enter the duodenum?

A

Fat in duodenum causes release of CCK causing sphincter to relax and gallbladder to contract

GI AM (34 decks)

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