pathology of the upper GI tract Flashcards
What are the complications of oesophageal reflux
Healing by fibrosis
Barret’s oesophagus
What is oesophageal reflux
Gastric acid going back up into the oesophagus
What is Barret’s oesophagus
Type of metaplasia from squamos epithelium to glandular epithelium
It is a pre malignancy
What kind of carcinoma develops from barret’s oesophagus
adenocarcinoma
What is squamos carcinoma of the oesophagus linked to
smoking
alcohol
carcinogens in diet
Where does oesophageal cancer spread in the blood
liver
What are the three causes of gastritis
A - autoimmune
B - bacterial
C - chemical injury
Describe autoimmune gastritis
Autoantibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor - associated with other autoimmune diseases
Leads to pernicious anaemia and decreased acid secretion
Describe bacterial gastritis and which bacteria usually causes it
Most common type of gastritis
Helicobacter pylori is most common - gram negative found on the gastric mucus which produces an inflammatory response and increases acid production
What drugs cause gastritis
NSAIDs
Alcohol
Bile reflux
How does peptic ulceration occur
Inbalance between acid secretion and mucosal barrier
What parts of the body does peptic ulceration affect
lower oesophagus
body and antrum of stomach
first and second part of duodenum
What is the usual cause of peptic ulceration
H.Pylori related due to increased gastric acid
What are the complications of peptic ulceration
haemorrhage or anaemia
Peritonitis due to perforation
Healing by fibrosis which can lead to obstruction
What can increase the risk of gastric cancer
Previous H.pylori infection
