Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > oesophageal disorders > Flashcards

oesophageal disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How is food moved through oesophagus

A

Oesophageal peristalsis produced by the circular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What innervates the oesophageal peristalsis and relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS)

A

Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe how heartburn might feel

A

Retrosternal heartburn or discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes heartburn

A

acid reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does persistent reflux and heartburn lead to

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause dysphagia

A

Benign stricture
Malignant stricture - oesophageal cancer
Motility disorder (achalasia)

Stricture is most common cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is oesophageal disease investigated

A

Endoscopy when patient has ALARM features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe hypermotility of oesophagus

A

Diffuse oesophageal spasm - corkscrew appearance on Ba swallow

Severe episodic chest pain with or without dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the treatment for hyper-motility of oesophagus

A

Smooth muscle relaxants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is achalasia

A

Functional loss of the myenteric plexus ganglion in the distal oesophagus and lower oesophageal sphincter

Failure of LOS to relax which causes distal obstruction of oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the presentation of achalasia

A

Progressive dysphagia for solids and liquids
Weight loss
Chest pain - sometimes
Regurgitation and chest infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment of achalasia

A

Nitrates, calcium channel blockers

Botulinum toxin pneumatic balloon dilation

Surgical - myotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does achalasia increase the risk of

A

Squamos cell oesophageal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the symptoms of GORD

A

Heart burn
Cough
Water brash
Sleep disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Risk factors for GORD

A

Pregnancy, obesity, drugs lowering LOS pressure, smoking, alcoholism, hypomotility

17
Q

Who most commonly has GORD

A

Men > women

White > black > asian

18
Q

How is GORD diagnosed

A

clinically from history or endoscopy if ALARM features suggest malignancy

19
Q

What is hiatus hernia

A

Herniation of the stomach up into the chest through the oesophagus

20
Q

What are the 2 types of hiatus hernia

A

Sliding and para-oesophageal

21
Q

Which type of hiatus is worse

A

Para-oesophageal since the hiatus hernia is at risk of incarceration due to becoming trapped in the oesophagus

22
Q

What happens in GORD

A

mucosa is exposed to the acid-pepsin and bile which causes cell loss and inflammation

23
Q

Describe Barret’s oesophagus

A

Change from squamos to mucin secreting columnar

24
Q

What is the treatment of barret’s oesophagus

A

Endoscopic mucosal resection -sucking up the abnormal area into a cap on the scope and then a rubber band is fired into the area which lifts the abnormal area of the oesophageal wall. Then resection can be done by a smear on the endoscope

25
Q

What is the treatment of GORD

A

Lifestyle changes
Alginates - gaviscone
H2RA - ranitidine
PPI - omeprazole

26
Q

What is the presentation of oesophageal cancer

A

Progressive dysphagia
Anorexia and weight loss
Chest pain
Cough
Pneumonia
Haematemesis

27
Q

Where does squamos carcinoma of the oesophagus occur

A

upper 2/3

28
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma occur in oesophagus

A

Distal 1/3 of oesophagus

29
Q

Who is most at risk for adenocarcinoma

A

Obese male who are middle age and white

30
Q

How is oesophageal cancer diagnosed

A

Endoscopy and biopsy

31
Q

What is the treatment for oesophageal cancer

A

Only potential cure is surgical oesophagectomy with adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy - this is only given to localised disease cases who are under 70 and low co-morbidities

Symptom palliative care is often priority

32
Q

What is the presentation of eosinophilic oesophagitis

A

Dysphagia and food bolus obstruction

33
Q

What is the treatment for eosinophilic oesophagitis

A

Oral corticostreroids , dietary elimination or endoscopic dilatation

GI (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions