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GI > nutrient digestion and absorption > Flashcards

nutrient digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What is sucrose normally found in and what is it made of

A

Fruits

made of glucose and galactose

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2
Q

What is maltose normally found in and what is it made of

A

Seeds and cereal

made of Glucose and glucose

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3
Q

What is lactose normally found in

A

Milk

Made of glucose and fructose

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4
Q

How do we digest disaccharides in the body

A

They - lactose sucrose and maltose - are broken down into monosaccharides such as glucose galactose and fructose

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5
Q

What bods do amylase break

A

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

What bonds do cellulase break

A

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

What breaks down glycogen

A

Cellulase since it breaks down the alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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8
Q

What breaks down starch

A

Amylase - breaks down the alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond

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9
Q

What happens in lactose intolerant patients compased to normal

A

In the large intestine:

Lactose is broken down by lactase into glucose and galactose in normal patient

In lactose intolerant patients, they have no lactase so bacteria ferments the lactose which converts it into acids and gases which causes irritation

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10
Q

What does the basolateral membrane face

A

Blood vessels

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11
Q

What does the apical membrane face

A

The lumen

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12
Q

Describe glucose transport between blood from the small intestine

A

NA/K/ATPase pump at the basolateral membrane which pumps 3 NA+ out and 2 K+ into the cell which polarises the cell

Na/glucose transporter 1 transports 2 Na and 1 glucose at a time - the electrochemical gradient of sodium is what causes this pump to work and is found at the apical membrane

Glucose transporter 2 - facilitated transport to the blood - found on basolateral membrane

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13
Q

Describe function of glucose transporter 1

A

NA/Glucose transporter 1 – transports 2 sodium and one glucose at the same time – the electrochemical gradient of sodium pushes this pump to work – mainly found at apical membrane

Sodium attaches to the transporter which opens the outer gate - once glucose enters the gate, it opens the inner gate and closes the outer gate which results in the particles entering the cell

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14
Q

Describe glucose transporter 2

A

Glucose transporter 2 – facilitated transporter which transports glucose to the blood – mainly found in the basolateral membrane of the small intestine

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15
Q

How are proteins digested

A

Enzymes such as pepsin which hydrolyse the peptide bond and adding a OH to the bond which causes the formation of an amino acid

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16
Q

What are proteases or peptidases

A

Enzymes which hydrolyse peptide bonds and reduce proteins or peptides to amino acids

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17
Q

How are fats stored in the body

A

Triglycerides

18
Q

Where are fats stored in the body

A

Mainly in white adipose tissue

19
Q

What is lipolysis

A

Breakdown of fats by lipase

20
Q

What causes lipolysis

A

Starvation , stress and exercise

21
Q

Where is fat digestion done in the body

A

It is done by pancreatic lipase

22
Q

What happens when the lipid droplets are too large for lipase to work on them

A

Surfactant or emulsifiers are added which disperse the oil in water as small droplets so the lipase can break it down easier

23
Q

What is an example of natural emulsifiers in the body and where are they produced

A

Bile salts - produced in the liver - have lipophilic and hydrophilic sides

24
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

Trigyclerol with 3 fatty acids attached including a phosphate

Phosphate - hydrophilic head
Fatty acid tail - lipophilic tail

25
Q

Describe the structur of an emulsified fat droplet

A

hydrophilic on the outside and lipophilic on the inside - overall hydrophilic

26
Q

What does bile consist of

A

bile salts and phospholipids

27
Q

Why is lipase break down of emulsified fats slow

A

Lipase if hydrophilic and the emulsified products are slightly hydrophilic but very hydrophilic on the inside

28
Q

How is absorption of fats enhanced further then emulsification

A

Formation of micelles which are even smaller - hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic inside

29
Q

What PH is the microvilli of the small intestine

A

Acidic

30
Q

What is the breakdown product of micelles

A

Small amount of free fatty acids and monoglycerides

31
Q

Describe what happens to the fat breakdown product once it is absorbed into the cell

A

Cytosol is mainly made of water so the free fatty acids go to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which reforms the triacylglycerol - triaglycerol emulsifies and coats proteins in the cell

Vesicle formed at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which coats the triacylglycerol which then goes to the Golgi apparatus which packages and sends off the vesicles out the cell.

These exocytosed vesicles of the triacylglycerol are called chylomicrons. Chylomicrons travel in the lymphatic system.

32
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

33
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins

A

B, C and folic acid

34
Q

how is vitamin b absorbed

A

Binds to intrinsic factor to form a complex which is absorbed in the distal ileum

35
Q

Where is Vit B12 intrinsic factor produced

A

parietal cells in the stomach

36
Q

What is pernicious anaemia

A

B12 deficiency - takes 3 years to develop due to the large stores of B12 which the body has

37
Q

What is hyperaemia

A

Increased ferritin levels - leads to iron bound in enterocytes to fix it

38
Q

What is anaemia

A

Decreased ferritin levels - iron stored in ferritin - leads to iron being released in blood to try fix it

39
Q

What is the storage unit of iron in the body and why

A

Ferritin as iron is corrosive in its free state - ferrous state iron 2+

40
Q

What transports iron

A

Transferrin - carries ferric iron +3 charge

GI (30 decks)

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