Pathology of male genital tract Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

scrotum - changes often with dermatitis elsewhere - eg chorioptic mange in rams

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2
Q

Scrotum + tunica vaginalis - neoplasia

A
varicose haemangioma - dog + boar. proliferation of blood vessels
melanomas
mast cell tumor - dog
haemangiosarcoma - dog
papilloma - boar
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3
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

layer of mesothelium continuous with peritoneum - peritoneal disease can spread
hydrocoele in ascites
adhesions with epididymitis/orchitis or penetrating wounds
tumours are v.rare

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4
Q

testis + epididymis

A

developmental anomalies
degeneration
inflammation
neoplasia

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5
Q

intersex conditions

A

most cases are pseudohermaphrodites - external female genitalia with testes in place of ovaries
true hermaphroditism is rare - animals have 1 ovary and 1 testis or combined

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6
Q

cryptorchidism

A

usually unilateral
side depends on species
testis retained anywhere from kidney to inguinal canal
likely polygenic basis but also hormonal/environmental factors
cryptorchid testes tend to be small + fibrotic
interstitial collagen, only few spermatogonia
increased risk of tumour

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7
Q

testicular hypoplasia

A
all species
congenital or pre-puberty
often not seen until after puberty
unilateral or bilateral
small but normal in consistency
incomplete or absent spermatogenesis with hypoplastic + normal tubules often intermingled
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8
Q

Testicular atrophy/degeneration

A

testes reduce in size after puberty
causes - inc scrotal temp, dec testicular blood supply, vit A or zinc deficiency, drug reaction, radiation
unilateral or bilateral
testes reduced in size + firm on palpation
micro changes similar to hypoplasia but include fibrosis + granuloma formation
multinucleate spermatids may be seen

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9
Q

Orchitis

A

v.rare
causes: haematogenous - purulent, results in progressive fibrosis
trauma - mainy dogs due to bites + accompanied by periorchitis + epididimytis
reflux orchitis as extension of infl from epididymis, prostate, bladder or urethra - mixed infections
in severe can causes sterility
often spermatic granulomas

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10
Q

epididymitis

A

more common than orchitis esp. ram and dog
ascending infection from accessory sex glands + urogenital tract
initial enlargement with later abscess + granuloma formation
mostly unilateral
spermatic granuloma of epididymal head
some degree of testicular atrophy
most cases are mixed infections

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11
Q

infectious epididymitis - ram

A

haematogenously - e.g brucella ovis
ascending
swelling + spermatic granuloma formation esp. in tail of epididymitis

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12
Q

testicular neoplasia

A

most important in dogs
3 main types - interstitial, sertoli cell tumours, seminoma
mixed tumours share features of more than 1 type

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13
Q

interstitial cell tumours

A

occur commonly in dogs over 8 y/o
single or multiple spherical, well demarcated, tan-orange greasy or haemorrhagic mass which bulge on cut surface
don’t causes enlargement of testes - replaces existing tissue
biopsy reveals polyhedral cells
most are benign
some secrete hormones - causes aggression

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14
Q

sertoli cell tumour

A

occur in dogs over 6 y/o
50% in cryptorchid testes
unilateral, firm lobulated discrete mass
testicular enlargement
on cut surface, colour varies from white to brown, is often fibrous + may have cysts
microscopy reveal sertoli cells multilayered within tubules or invading interstitial tissue
metastasis in 10% of cases - to scrotal LN
25% secrete oestogen

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15
Q

sertoli cell tumour + feminisation

A
some make oestrogen, many inhibin
female distribution of fat
attractive to other male dogs
mammary swelling
pendulous sheath
symmetrical alopecia + thinning of skin
atrophy of other testis
squamous metaplasia of prostate gland
behavioural changes
anaemia due to depression of bone marrow
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16
Q

seminoma

A
derived from spermatogonia 
dogs over 7 y/o
usually unilateral + single
may cause swelling and pain
soft cream mass, bulges on cut section
sheets of polyhedral cells with large nucleus + thin rim of cytoplasm
mitoses common in some tumours
local invasiveness
most are benign
cann occur in retained testes
17
Q

teratoma

A

mostly horses,usually young
tumour from all 3 germ cell layers
quite large + are admixture of solid + cystic areas
mixture of skin, bone, teeth, glands, muscle + cartilage - most have nervous tissue + fat
most are benign

18
Q

Funicuitis

A
inflammation of spermatic cord
seen following open castration
common in pigs
generally acute and necrotising
horses - 'scirrhous cord' after open castrate. lots og granulation tissue in affected cord. open weeping. caused by staph. and strep.
19
Q

pathology of accessory sex glands

A

infl of seminal vesicles + bulbourethral glands occurs mostly in bulls + rams
chronic interstitial infl
metaplasia common

20
Q

pathology of prostate gland - hyperplasia

A

older entire dogs
commonly causes constipation + can cause urinary stasis
enlarged gland
papillary proliferation of glandular tissue
castration causes atrophy

21
Q

pathology of prostate gland - metaplasia

A

change of glandular epithelium to squamous
dog with sertoli cell tumours + predisposes to inflammation
cattle/sheep associated with oestrogenic implants + ingestion of phytoestogens
squamous metaplasia also occurs in bulbourethral glands of wethers

22
Q

pathology of prostate gland - prostitis

A

not uncommon in dogs
in older dogs often together with hyperplasia
usually due to coliforms, strep., staph., that invade prstatic urethra
asymmetrically englarged and may have abscesses
untreated may develop peritonitis or septicaemia/taxaemia
chronic cases may be subclinical

23
Q

pathology of prostate gland - neoplasia

A

carcinoma in dogs
may occur in hyperplastic gland
grossly the gland is asymmetrically enlarged
multiple layers of haphazardly arranged glandular cells invading the interstitium of the gland and often causing marked fibrosis
80% have spread by time of discovery

24
Q

pathology of penis and prepuce

A

tritrichomonas foetus - infertility/early embryonic death/abortion/pyometra in female cow
camplylobacter foetus ssp veneralis - infertility/early embryonic death/abortion in female cow
herpesviruses
papillomaviruses

25
pathology of penis and prepuce - anomalies
hypoplasia in early castration + intersex states directional deviations in various species persistent frenula esp. bulls + boars hypospadia/epispadia - abnormal opening of urethra
26
pathology of penis and prepuce - inflammation
glans penis - balanitis prepuce - posthitis generally occur together - blanoposthitis herpesvirus are a cause
27
pathology of penis and prepuce - bacteria
sheep - ulecerative prosthitis - corynebacterium renale. predisposed by hypoplasia of penis/prepuce, urinary soiling + high planes of nutrition. yellowish discolouration + ulceration. if severe may slough. secondary infection common
28
pathology of penis and prepuce - parsites
cutaneous habronemiasis in horses: exuberant granulation following deposition of larvae in this region
29
pathology of penis and prepuce - neoplasia
squamous cell carcinoma: v important in horses (can occur in other species) associated with novel papillomavirus cauliflower like - variable size malignant squamous cell epithelium forming keratin usually low-grade malignancy - distant malignancy rare will recur if incompletely removed problems relate to ulcers + 2ndary infection
30
fibropapilloma of the penis
``` occurs on glans penis - 1-2 y/o bulls benign but may be large/multiple caused by bovine papillomavirus regresses with age complications can involve 2ndary infection or penile obstruction ```
31
transmissible venereal tumour
rare in dogs in the UK principally on caudal portion of penis seen also on skin at site of wounds xenotransplantation histiocytic origin with 59 instead of 78 chromosomes variable size, cauliflower like problems relate to ulcers + 2ndary infection metastasis rare + regression often occurs