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Reproduction > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

Presentation types

A

Sub/clinical
Dry period/lactation period
contagious/environmental

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2
Q

Affects

A

Quantity of milk

Quality - residue + fine for high SCC

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3
Q

Clinical

A

exposure to pathogen
Entry into teat + mammary gland
establish infection
always milk change

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4
Q

Grade 1

A

Milk change only

decreased milk yield

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5
Q

Grade 2 - acute

A

milk changes
change in udder
milk yield decrease

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6
Q

Grade 2 - chronic

A

as grade 2 acute but persistent changes

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7
Q

Grade 3

A

as grade 2 but systemic sick cow

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8
Q

Affects

A

Quantity of milk

Quality - residue + fine for high SCC

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9
Q

Treatment

A 
Antibiotics - systemic, intramammary
Depends on - sensitivity, pharmacokinetics, availability, costs, herd history, withdrawal time
Oxytocin
NSAID's
Corticosteroids
Fluid therapy
Calcium
Dextrose
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10
Q

Causative agents - Acute/clinical mastitis

A

(strep. agalactiae)
strep. dysgalactiae
strep. uberis
staph. aureus
E. coli

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11
Q

Sub - clinical - effects

A

No visual change in milk or cow
SCC
+ve Californian Mastitis Test (CMT)
Reduced milk yield

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12
Q

CMT

A

wipe, strip, sample, add, assess

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13
Q

Causative agents - Chronic/sub-clinical mastitis

A

Staph. aureus
strep. uberis
strep. agalactiae
corynebacterium bovis

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14
Q

History

A

Duration, development, stage of cycle, age, treatment, previous occurence, SCC

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15
Q

Clinical Exam

A

Systematic
Udder - inspection, palpation, lymph nodes
Milk exam
CMT

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16
Q

Why culture?

A

Can’t tell by clinical presentation
Sensitivity for AB
40% returns sterile

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17
Q

Sampling - where from?

A

Bulk tank
pooled sample of 1 cow
individual quarter sample

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18
Q

Prevention

A

not dependent on tube

different per bug + farmer

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19
Q

Entry of microorganisms into mammary gland

A

Galactogenic-most common
Haematogenous - eg tb + brucellosis
Percutaneous - wounds

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20
Q

Resistance to infection - Teat canal

A

Smooth muscle shincter
Keratin - cationic protiens to lyse gram +ve
- fatty acids - anti bacterial
Furstenburg rosette - physical barrier, fatty acids,
plasma cells

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21
Q

Resistance to infection - Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils -acute infl + later macrophages

Lymphocytes

22
Q

Resistance to infection - Humoral factors

A

Lactoferin = iron binding protein, inhibits bacteria
- from secretory epithelium + neutophil granules.
Defensins - antimicrobial peptides
Immunoglobulins -IgG (IgM + IgA)

23
Q

Peracute gangrenous mastitis

A

staph. aureus
occurs aroung parturition - death can be in hours
Gross - swollen painful, progress to moist gangrene, dark blue/black, cold, dark haemorrhagic lobules, ventral abdominal oedema, may comatose due to toxaemia

24
Q

Acute mastitis - micro

A

interstitial oedema with neutophilic infiltration of interstitium + acini
Vacuolation + desquamation of acinar + ductal epithelium

25
Q

Chronic mastitis - micro

A

fibroplasia with obliteration of acini
obstruction of ducts by polyps
retention cysts anterior to blocked ducts
eventual permanent loss of secretory tissue

26
Q

Subclinical mastitis

A

10-40x more prevalent than clinical mastitis
no gross infl or changes in milk
detection by estimation SCC in milk
<200,000 cells per ml for whole udder denotes absence of infection

27
Q

Subclinical mastitis progression

A

initial flare up
repair by fibrosis
further flare up
progressive fibrosis

28
Q

Chronic subclinical mastitis - gross

A

hard and atrophic

29
Q

Chronic subclinical mastitis - micro

A

similar to chronic mastitis following acute mastitis

permanent loss of secretory tissue

30
Q

Lactating mastitis agents

A

staph. aureus
e. coli
strep. uberis

strep agalactiae
strep. dysgalactiae
mycoplasma bovis
corynebacterium bovis

31
Q

staphyloccocus aureus

A 
habitat - skin + mucous membrane
enter through teat canal
phagocytosis + killing in milk is inefficient
70% of strains B-lactamase +ve
doesnt always invade udder tissue
32
Q

staph. aureus - pathogenicity factors

A 
a-toxin (potent necrotizing toxin)
b-toxin (sphingomyelinase)
TSST-1 (superantigen)
polysaccharide capsule in vivo
protein A
no vaccine
33
Q

streptococcus agalactiae

A 
streptolysin S
STST-1 (superantigen)
enzymes - hyaluronidase, lipase
polysccharide capsule
habitat - teat canal
host adapted - slow, progressive, chronic
no vaccine
34
Q

strep. dysgalactiae

A 
STST-1 (superantigen)
enzymes - hyaluronidase, lipase
polysccharide capsule
habitat - outside udder teat
needs trauma to invade
not host adapted - acute + infl
no vaccine
35
Q

strep. uberis

A

habitat - environment
needs trauma to invade
no vaccine

36
Q

Escherichia coli

A 
acute mastitis 
antimicrobial resistance
a-haemolysin
CNF-1
endotoxin
Fe-acquisition
K-types
pili
vaccine
doesnt have O side chain
37
Q

Mycoplasma bovis

A

habiat - genital & resp tract
mycoplasma mastitis
milk yield dramatically decreased
may reach udder by haematogenous spread

38
Q

dry cow mastitis agents

A

arcanobacterium pyogens
strep. dysgalactiae
peptostrep indolicus

39
Q

contagious mastitis

A

organisms prefer to live in udder + teat skin
often cause subclinical infection
most spread from cow to cow at milking

40
Q

contagious mastitis - agents

A

strep. agalactiae
strep dysgalactiae
staph aureus
minor - corynebacterium bovis

41
Q

environmental

A

sporadically gain entry to udder
tend to be rapidly eliminated or cause v.serious mastits
if quarter infected in dry period can persist to early lactation problems

42
Q

environmental factors

A

from dirty environment
housing design + management
cubicle design

43
Q

Somatic cell counts (SCC)

A

infl cells + epithelial cells (increase towards end of lactation + after calveing)
infl cells increase in infection
clinical = millions of cells, subclinical = >200,000/ml

44
Q

Bulk milk SCC

A

Target 400,000

45
Q

Contagious control

A

eliminate reservoirs of infection

46
Q

5 point plan

A

Prompt detection + treatment of clinical cases
post milking teat dip
dry cow therapy
cull persistent offenders
regular servicing + maintenance of milking machines

47
Q

Prompt detection + treatment of clinical cases

A

detect in parlour
fore milking
parlour hygene - gloves, no udder cloth

48
Q

post milking teat dipping (PMTD)

A

allow teat sphincter to close to stop invading bacteria
disinfectant kills bacteria on skin + helps keep teat skin in good condition
iodophores, chlorine based, chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium compounds
dip cup, spray, auto exit systems

49
Q

dry cow therapy (DCT)

A

a) long acting antibiotics
aims to remove existing sub clinical infections + prevent establishment of new infections in dry period
b) teat sealent
inert substance infused into teat canal + blocks it so stops entry of becteria

50
Q

cull persistent offenders

A

3 or more cases during 1 lactation

persistent high indicidual SCC and doesnt respond to treatment

51
Q

regular servicing + maintenance of milking machines

A

machine often overlooked
vacuum - plenty vacuum reserve, steady suction, liner slips down the teat
serve frequently + check for mods of machine

52
Q

Environmental control

A

teat prep - clean + dry

appropriate cubicle space

Reproduction (25 decks)

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