Disease of reproductive tract in the cat and dog - male

Question 1

common problems

Answer 1

neutering
behaviour modification
testicles missing
testicles different sizes
penis sticking out
penile mass or injury
preputial discharge
difficulty defecating
systemic illness

Question 2

missing testicles

Answer 2

aka cryptorchidism
most common congenital defect in dog
undescended testicle may be abdominal, inguinal or prescrotal

Question 3

cyryptochidism

Answer 3

retained testicles more suceptible to torsion + neoplasia
more common in pedigrees
castration usually advised to prevent future issues
testicular hypoplasia

Question 4

different sized testicles

Answer 4

Dx based on Hx, PE, ultrasound, aspiration/biopsy

Question 5

different sized testicles - causes

Answer 5

neoplasia
orchitis/epididymitis
torsion

Question 6

neoplasia

Answer 6

second most common site for tumours in dog
may have more than 1 tumour type
tumours in scrotal testis generally benign but cryptorchid testis more malignant

Question 7

3 most common testicular tumours

Answer 7

seminoma
interstitial cell tumour
sertoli cell tumour
roughly equal incidence`

Question 8

functional tumours

Answer 8

interstitial (leydig) may make testosterone
sertoli cell toumours make make oestrogen -
feministaion
seminomas may be associated with feminisation
all tumour types associated with infertility

Question 9

orchitis/epididymitis - signs

Answer 9

epididymitis enlargement
testicular pain
tenseness + scrotal oedema 
may abcessate
animal may be systemically ill

Question 10

orchitis/epididymitis - infection + treatment

Answer 10

small + firm testicle with epididymal enlargement
adhesion between tunics + scrotum may reduce testicular mobility
infections may be from urinary tract directly or via haematogenous spread
treatment depends on severity, use of dog.
castration

Question 11

testicular torsion

Answer 11

unusual
variable signs
castration usually required

Question 12

protruding penis - signs

Answer 12

low grade irritation

pain, bleeding, trauma

Question 13

protruding penis - diagnoses

Answer 13

paraphimosis
priapism
trauma

Question 14

paraphimosis

Answer 14

non erect penis protrudes + can’t be retracted
result from - narrowed preputial orifice, pernile enlargement, failure of penis to stay in prepuce
congenital or acquired

Question 15

paraphimosis - treatment

Answer 15

symptomatic
surgical enlargement of preputial opening
phallopexy
lengthen prepuce
partial penile amputation

Question 16

priapism

Answer 16

persistent erection
uncommon
associated with - trauma, perineal abscess, neuro disease
ischaemic or non

Question 17

non-ischaemic priapism

Answer 17

entire penis partially rigid + non painful

not usually emergency

Question 18

ischaemic priapism

Answer 18

painful rigid shaft with with glans

emergency

Question 19

priapism - treatment

Answer 19

buster collar, analgesia + topical treatment

amputation if conservative measures fail

Question 20

penile mass - diagnoses

Answer 20

infl disease
neoplasia
urethral prolapse
diagnosis based on clinical sign +/- biopsy

Question 21

penile tumours

Answer 21

uncommon
types - TVT, SCC, papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcenoma, MCT, osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, chondrosarcoma
treatment depends on type + location

Question 22

penile injury

Answer 22

may occur secondary to mating, fence jumping, dog fights, cat bites or RTA
may be iatrogenic secondary to surgery
haemorrhage, dysuria and/or extravasation of urine
treatment depends on degree + extent of wound

Question 23

hypospadias

Answer 23

developmental abnormality
failure of fusion of urogenital folds + incomplete formation of penile urethra
can occur anywhere on ventral aspect of penis
surgical correction not always attempted

Question 24

persistent frenulum

Answer 24

usually immature dogs
penis + prepuce should be fully seperated after puberty
treatment - sectioning under short GA

Question 25

phimosis

Answer 25

inability to protrude penis beyond preputial orifice congenital or acquired treatment - surgical or treat underlying conditions

Question 26

preputial discharge

Answer 26

slight creamy discharge normal in mature dog prepuce has normal flora severe/blood tinged discharge should be investigated origin - external urethral orifice or prepuce

Question 27

dyschezia/systemic illness

Answer 27

dyschezia = important sign of male repro disease in the dog prostate enlargement may be with perineal rupture

Question 28

prostatic disease in the dog - causes

Answer 28

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) prostatitis/abscessation prostatic cysts neoplasia

Question 29

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

Answer 29

most common prostatic disease in entire dogs testosterone dependant results in uniform prostate enlargement may cause dschezia, dysuria, haematuria/urethral bleeding Dx made on PE, ultrasonography

Question 30

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - surgical treatment

Answer 30

castration permanent involusion in 3-12 weeks irreversible

Question 31

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - medical treatment

Answer 31

``` anti androgens - osaterone acetate synthetic progestagen - delmadinone acetate GnRH analogue - deslorelin oestrogens - not recommended faecal softeners ```

Question 32

prostatitis/prostatic abscessation

Answer 32

``` common in dog, v.rare in cats usually with UTI, can be haematogenous more likely in entire dogs may be with purulent urethral discharge may be systemically ill, dysuric, painful, vomiting/diarrhoea, PU/PD occasionally collapse + septic shock ```

Question 33

prostatitis/prostatic abscessation - Dx + treat

Answer 33

``` PE, ultrasonography, aspirate rectal likely to be painful check for testicular involvement clinical pathology - haem/biochem, urinalysis + culture, cytology of aspirate treatment - medical or surgical ```

Question 34

prostatic cysts + paraprostatic cysts

Answer 34

not uncommon in dog, occur in cat prostatic/parenchymal cysts paraprostatic/periprostatic cysts aetiology unknown, probably related to secretory activity may be associated with urethral discharge treatment - usually surgical - castate, omentalisation. BIOPSY CYST WALL

Question 35

prostatic neoplasia

Answer 35

rare most common prostatic disease in castrated animals commonest - adenocarcenoma, transitional cell carcinoma tend to be locally invasive + metastisise signs -weight loss, pain, lameness prostate not always enlarged, may feel abnormal on palpation

Question 36

prostatic neoplasia - Dx + treatment

Answer 36

Dx based on biopsy - tru cut under US guidance, incisional biopsy prognosis hopeless treatment palliative - urethral stent, cystostomy tube, NSAIDs prostatectomy rarely suitable

Question 37

prostatic surgery

Answer 37

``` may be diagnostic and /or therapeutic drainage - omentalisation, drain insertion, marsupialisation cyst resection biopsy prostatectomy ```