Disease of reproductive tract in the cat and dog - male Flashcards
common problems
neutering behaviour modification testicles missing testicles different sizes penis sticking out penile mass or injury preputial discharge difficulty defecating systemic illness
missing testicles
aka cryptorchidism
most common congenital defect in dog
undescended testicle may be abdominal, inguinal or prescrotal
cyryptochidism
retained testicles more suceptible to torsion + neoplasia
more common in pedigrees
castration usually advised to prevent future issues
testicular hypoplasia
different sized testicles
Dx based on Hx, PE, ultrasound, aspiration/biopsy
different sized testicles - causes
neoplasia
orchitis/epididymitis
torsion
neoplasia
second most common site for tumours in dog
may have more than 1 tumour type
tumours in scrotal testis generally benign but cryptorchid testis more malignant
3 most common testicular tumours
seminoma
interstitial cell tumour
sertoli cell tumour
roughly equal incidence`
functional tumours
interstitial (leydig) may make testosterone
sertoli cell toumours make make oestrogen -
feministaion
seminomas may be associated with feminisation
all tumour types associated with infertility
orchitis/epididymitis - signs
epididymitis enlargement testicular pain tenseness + scrotal oedema may abcessate animal may be systemically ill
orchitis/epididymitis - infection + treatment
small + firm testicle with epididymal enlargement
adhesion between tunics + scrotum may reduce testicular mobility
infections may be from urinary tract directly or via haematogenous spread
treatment depends on severity, use of dog.
castration
testicular torsion
unusual
variable signs
castration usually required
protruding penis - signs
low grade irritation
pain, bleeding, trauma
protruding penis - diagnoses
paraphimosis
priapism
trauma
paraphimosis
non erect penis protrudes + can’t be retracted
result from - narrowed preputial orifice, pernile enlargement, failure of penis to stay in prepuce
congenital or acquired
paraphimosis - treatment
symptomatic surgical enlargement of preputial opening phallopexy lengthen prepuce partial penile amputation
priapism
persistent erection
uncommon
associated with - trauma, perineal abscess, neuro disease
ischaemic or non
non-ischaemic priapism
entire penis partially rigid + non painful
not usually emergency
ischaemic priapism
painful rigid shaft with with glans
emergency
priapism - treatment
buster collar, analgesia + topical treatment
amputation if conservative measures fail
penile mass - diagnoses
infl disease
neoplasia
urethral prolapse
diagnosis based on clinical sign +/- biopsy
penile tumours
uncommon
types - TVT, SCC, papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcenoma, MCT, osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, chondrosarcoma
treatment depends on type + location
penile injury
may occur secondary to mating, fence jumping, dog fights, cat bites or RTA
may be iatrogenic secondary to surgery
haemorrhage, dysuria and/or extravasation of urine
treatment depends on degree + extent of wound
hypospadias
developmental abnormality
failure of fusion of urogenital folds + incomplete formation of penile urethra
can occur anywhere on ventral aspect of penis
surgical correction not always attempted
persistent frenulum
usually immature dogs
penis + prepuce should be fully seperated after puberty
treatment - sectioning under short GA
phimosis
inability to protrude penis beyond preputial orifice
congenital or acquired
treatment - surgical or treat underlying conditions
preputial discharge
slight creamy discharge normal in mature dog
prepuce has normal flora
severe/blood tinged discharge should be investigated
origin - external urethral orifice or prepuce
dyschezia/systemic illness
dyschezia = important sign of male repro disease in the dog
prostate enlargement
may be with perineal rupture
prostatic disease in the dog - causes
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
prostatitis/abscessation
prostatic cysts
neoplasia
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
most common prostatic disease in entire dogs
testosterone dependant
results in uniform prostate enlargement
may cause dschezia, dysuria, haematuria/urethral bleeding
Dx made on PE, ultrasonography
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - surgical treatment
castration
permanent involusion in 3-12 weeks
irreversible
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - medical treatment
anti androgens - osaterone acetate synthetic progestagen - delmadinone acetate GnRH analogue - deslorelin oestrogens - not recommended faecal softeners
prostatitis/prostatic abscessation
common in dog, v.rare in cats usually with UTI, can be haematogenous more likely in entire dogs may be with purulent urethral discharge may be systemically ill, dysuric, painful, vomiting/diarrhoea, PU/PD occasionally collapse + septic shock
prostatitis/prostatic abscessation - Dx + treat
PE, ultrasonography, aspirate rectal likely to be painful check for testicular involvement clinical pathology - haem/biochem, urinalysis + culture, cytology of aspirate treatment - medical or surgical
prostatic cysts + paraprostatic cysts
not uncommon in dog, occur in cat
prostatic/parenchymal cysts
paraprostatic/periprostatic cysts
aetiology unknown, probably related to secretory activity
may be associated with urethral discharge
treatment - usually surgical - castate, omentalisation. BIOPSY CYST WALL
prostatic neoplasia
rare
most common prostatic disease in castrated animals
commonest - adenocarcenoma, transitional cell carcinoma
tend to be locally invasive + metastisise
signs -weight loss, pain, lameness
prostate not always enlarged, may feel abnormal on palpation
prostatic neoplasia - Dx + treatment
Dx based on biopsy - tru cut under US guidance, incisional biopsy
prognosis hopeless
treatment palliative - urethral stent, cystostomy tube, NSAIDs
prostatectomy rarely suitable
prostatic surgery
may be diagnostic and /or therapeutic drainage - omentalisation, drain insertion, marsupialisation cyst resection biopsy prostatectomy
