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DTW Exam 4 > Pathology Intro To Cancer > Flashcards

Pathology Intro To Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Gene involved in normal cell growth

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2
Q

Oncogene

A

Mutated proto-oncogene that could lead to cancer

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3
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Can synthesize growth factors to increase proliforation

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4
Q

Cell growth pathway 1

A

Signal, GF binds to pathway, activates cytoplasmic signaling of transducing proteins to nucleus

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5
Q

Cell growth pathway 2

A

Activated transcription factors (DNA) transcripts growth promoters and regulators

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6
Q

Signal transducing proteins - RAS

A

RAS - activated by tyrosine kinase activity
Encodes for protein to bind to GDP/GTP
Inactive ras binds GDP

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7
Q

Signal transducing proteins PI3

A

PI3 kinase - AKT signaling
Activated for GF binding & TKA
Common mutation for canine mammary tumors

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8
Q

Transcription factor Myc

A

Activates many gene expression in cell growth, can upregulate expression of telomerase, can reprogram somatic cells
Common in lymphoma & prostate carcinoma

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9
Q

RB protein

A

Inhibits cell proliferation

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10
Q

RB protein mechanism

A

Binds & inhibits transcription factors, prevents cells from G1->S phase
Mutated rb is common in canine hemangiosarcoma & osteosarcoma

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11
Q

Tumor suppressor genes & common cancers

A

APC - colorectal cancer
PTEN - histiocytic sarcoma
(E-Cadherin, CDKN2A)

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12
Q

P53 - function & common cancer

A

Tumor suppressor - check point
canine melanoma

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13
Q

What protein signals for intrinsic apoptosis?

A

Bcl-2 -> cytochrome C

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14
Q

What protein signals for extrinsic apoptosis?

A

FLIP, FasL, Fas, FADD

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15
Q

Steps for successful metastasis (4)

A

Invade extracellular matrix
Disseminate through vessels
Locate distant site of tissue
Successfully grow/proliferate

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16
Q

Function of vascular dissemination & homing

A

Tumor cells aggregating with tumor cells, platelets & coagulation factors to reduce systemic stress on tumor cells

17
Q

Types of tumor antigens (5)

A

Viral coded proteins
Mutated proteins
Differentiation antigens
Excessive amts of normal proteins
Cancer/testis antigens

18
Q

Source of tumor antigens (5)

A

Viral coded - products of genes of oncogenic viruses
Mutated - altered forms of normal proteins
Differentiation antigens - proteins associated w specific stages of cell differentiation
Excessive proteins - over production of normal cell protein
Cancer antigens - unknown function

19
Q

Cytotoxic t lymphocytes

A

Presence is marker for better prognosis, can respond to new antigens (abnormal)

20
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Recognize lack of MHC I or stress induced proteins expressed on cell surface

21
Q

M1 (macrophage)

A

Pro-inflammatory/anti tumor

22
Q

Immunoediting

A

How cancer reduces immune response, reduces MHC expression & antigen neg variants

23
Q

Immunosuppression: targeting Th1 & macro

A

TGFb & IL-10 suppress immune, target tumor cells, suppress Th1, convert T cells

24
Q

Immune suppression- reduction

A

Evade immune system, remove growth suppressors, ROS (genetic damage)

25
Q

Immunosuppression: activation

A

Enhance cell death resistance, induce angiogenesis, activate invasion/metastasis, promote proliferation

26
Q

Proteins activated by TKA

A

RAS
PI3
C-kit

27
Q

A mutation in P53 is a common cause of what cancer?

A

Canine melanoma

28
Q

A mutation in what protein is the common cause of canine hemangiosarcoma and osteosarcoma?

A

Rb protein - brake failure in cell division

29
Q

A mutation is Rb protein is the common cause of what cancer?

A

Canine hemangiosarcoma and osteosarcoma

30
Q

A mutation in what transcription factors is the common cause for canine lymphoma & porstate carcinoma?

A

MYC - upregulate telomerase expression, reprogram somatic cells to pluripotenial stem cells

31
Q

A mutation in Myc transcription factor is the common cause of what cancer?

A

Canine lymphoma and prostate carcinoma

32
Q

A mutation in what signal transducing protein is the common cause of canine mammary tumors?

A

PI3 kinase

33
Q

A mutation in PI3 kinase is the common cause of what cancer?

A

Canine mammary tumors

34
Q

Mutations in RAS can cause what types of cancer?

A

Pancreatic carcinoma
Prostatic carcinoma

35
Q

Bcl-2 normal function

A

Normally inhibits release of cytochrome C
Cytochrome c initiates the intrinsic pathway
Inhibiting cytochrome c = more cells survive

36
Q

FLIP function

A

Anti apoptotic
Blocks extrinsic pathway by binding to procaspase-8
Unregulated expression of flip = more cells survive

37
Q

Fas function

A

Fas makes cells susceptible to FasL - tagged for apoptosis
Decreased Fas = pro survival

DTW Exam 4 (15 decks)

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