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DTW Exam 4 > Parasitology - Ectoparasiticides > Flashcards

Parasitology - Ectoparasiticides Flashcards

1
Q

Parasiticide

A

Drug that kills parasites

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2
Q

Pesticide

A

Drug used for external parasites/arthropods

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3
Q

Insecticides

A

Kills insects

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4
Q

Acaricide

A

Kills ticks and mites

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5
Q

Pesticide regulation

A

FDA can authorize drugs for animals

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6
Q

who approves drugs absorbed through the skin?

A

FDA

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7
Q

Who approves drugs with external activity?

A

EPA
Environmental protection agency

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8
Q

How are pesticide efficacy measured?

A

Treat (or remove)
EPA & FDA require 90% removal of existing parasite burden

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9
Q

How is efficacy of control pesticides measured?

A

EPA requires that the pesticide eliminates at least 90% of organisms after exposed to treatment

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10
Q

How is efficacy of repellent measured?

A

EPA only
Distrusts normal behavior during host seeking
Time period not specific

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11
Q

Types of pesticides

A

Direct lethal or repellant action
Or
Interfere with normal growth or development

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12
Q

Knock-down

A

Agents with quick rapid action

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13
Q

Speed of kill

A

How long a pesticide takes to have its effect

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14
Q

Repellency

A

Vapor repellent (citronella): may or may not get on host
Contact repellent: arthropod has to touch the compound

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15
Q

Spot/pour on treatments

A

Applied over small area
Surface diffusion: spreads over animal surface
Transcutaneous: absorbed & distributed through blood

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16
Q

Synergistic actions of pesticides

A

Agent that acts with or enhanced activity of another
Common in pesticides

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17
Q

Synergism that slows down metabolism of active pesticides

A

Piperonyl butoxide
N-octyl bicycleheptene

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18
Q

Compounds affecting growth & development

A

Kill bc organism can’t complete normal growth - don’t effect adults

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19
Q

IDI

A

Insect development inhibitors

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20
Q

How does IDI work?

A

Synthesis of Chitin inhibitors

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21
Q

Examples of IDI

A

Lufenuron
Cyromazine

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22
Q

IGR

A

Insect growth regulators

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23
Q

Functions and examples of IGR

A

Juvenile hormone analogs
Methoprene
Pyriproxyfen

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24
Q

Modes of compound administration

A

Topical
Combined w adultcide in small animals
Oral feed - common in LA
Environmental use

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25
Q

Common use with compound pesticides

A

Effective in SA
Low toxicity
Commonly used for fleas (SA) and flies (LA)

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26
Q

Older fashioned pesticides

A

Less expensive
Less target specific
More common OTC

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27
Q

New fashioned pesticides

A

More expensive
Host specific (less toxicity)
Require vet sale

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28
Q

Common themes of pesticides on the market

A

Lots of pesticide drug groups, limited ways they work
More than 1 group can work at same sites but different molecular route
Different groups work differently, similar chemical compounds

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29
Q

Botanicals

A

Pyrethrins
Plant products
OTC prep
Short acting - metabolized by light

30
Q

What type of pesticide is metabolized by light?

A

Pyrethrins, botanicals

31
Q

Mode of Pyrethrin action

A

Increased permeability of neuronal membranes (for NA)
Hyper excitability and death
Repellent activity

32
Q

Method of pyrethrin application

A

Topical - not absorbed, can be licked off
Sprays, dusts, shampoos, environmental
Safe = rapidly metabolized

33
Q

Pyrethoid compounds

A

Synthetic, more persistent in environment, same mode, same effect same spectrum: insecticidal & acaricidal

34
Q

How many generations of pyrethroids?

A

5

35
Q

Which generation of pyrethroids are more potent?

A

3rd generation

36
Q

Suffix for pyrethroids

A

“Thrin”

37
Q

Which species can pyrethrins be lethal in?

A

Cats

38
Q

Which pyrethroids derivative is used in small animal products?

A

Etofenprox

39
Q

Which pesticide lasts longer?

A

Pyrethroids - more potent too

40
Q

Which pesticide has greater toxic potential?

A

Pyrethroids - more potent

41
Q

Organophosphate, carbamates use

A

Not commonly used due to safety issues

42
Q

Function of organophosphate & carbamates

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase = persistent depolarization of membrane

43
Q

Target species for organophosphate & carbamates

A

Insecticidal & acaricidal

44
Q

Groups of newer pesticides

A

Macrocyclic lactose’s
Neonicotinoids
Spinosyns
Isoxazolines
Phenlprazole

45
Q

Macrocyclic lactones

A

Endectocides
Activity against internal & external parasites
Derived from products made by soil fungus

46
Q

Two subgroups of macrocyclic lactones

A

Milbemycins
Avermectins

47
Q

Subgroups of avermectins

A

Ivermectin
Doramectin
Eprinomectin
Selamectin

48
Q

Subgroups of milbemycins

A

Milbemycin
Moxidectin

49
Q

Mode of action in macrocyclic lactones

A

Bind to glutamate gated chloride channels = hyper-polarization of nerves/muscles

50
Q

Multiple effects of macrocyclic lactones on muscles

A

Paralysis of muscles
Affects parasite reproduction
Some have persistent activity, affected by formulation /route

51
Q

Spectrum of action for macrocyclic lactones

A

Insecticidal, acaricidal - dependent on drug, form, parasite

52
Q

Modes of administration

A

Oral, spot-on, pour-on, injection, feed additives
Topical - best for ectoparasites
Topical become absorbed & become systemic

53
Q

Neonicotinoids drugs

A

Imidacloprid
Nitenpyram
Dinotefuran

54
Q

Spectrum of action for Neonicotinoids

A

Insecticide - NOT acaricide
Most useful for fleas

55
Q

Toxicity of Neonicotinoids

A

Low in vertebrates - different receptors
Big concern for honeybees & invertebrates

56
Q

Spinosyns drugs

A

Spinosad
Spinetoram

57
Q

Mechanism of action of Spinosyns

A

Activate acetylcholine receptor but bind to a different location than Neonicotinoids

58
Q

Spectrum of action for Spinosyns

A

Insecticidal, some acaricidal
Small animals for fleas

59
Q

Risk & administration of Spinosyns

A

Low toxicity
Topical & oral
Derived from soil bacterium

60
Q

Phenylpyrazole drugs

A

Fipronil

61
Q

spectrum of phenylpyrazoles

A

Insecticide & acaricide

62
Q

Mode of action of phenylpyrazoles

A

Binds to GABA receptors, limited effect in mammals
Don’t use on rabbits & fish

63
Q

Mode of administration of phenylpyrazoles

A

Topical
Lipophilic - dogs shouldn’t be washed 2 weeks prior for ideal absorption
(Can also kill honey bees)

64
Q

Isoxazolines drugs

A

Afoxolaner
Fluralaner (bravecto)
Sarolaner (simparica)
Lotilaner

65
Q

Spectrum of action for Isoxazolines

A

Insecticidal & acaricidal - highly effective

66
Q

Mode of action of Isoxazolines

A

Binds to GABA & glutamate gated chloride (different receptor than macrocyclic lactones)
Specific to arthropods

67
Q

Formulations & administration of Isoxazolines

A

Oral & topical
“Eat to kill products” only works if blood is ingested
Prevents disease from Babesia & Borrelia (transmit after attachment for 24 h)

68
Q

Side effects of Isoxazolines

A

Only problem is if DOG has history of neurological problems - can amplify problems

69
Q

Miscellaneous pesticides

A

Lime sulfur
Boric acid
DE

70
Q

Natural pesticide products

A

No scientific studies to support efficacy
Neem essential oil
Electronic collars
Amber

DTW Exam 4 (15 decks)

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