Clin Path - Monovalent Electrolyes Flashcards
Monovalent electrolytes
Cat: na, k
An: cl, HCO3
How electrolytes are acquired
Diet : na, k, cl
Synthesized: hco3
Osmolarity
Concentration of solute
Calculated: na, k, glu, urea - moles/liter
Osmolality
Concentration of a solute
Measured - moles/kilogram
Osmo gap
= osmolality (measure) - osmolarity (calc)
Osmolarity equation
2(Na + K) + Glu/18 + BUN/2.8
Basics of renal function
Conserve: Na, Cl, HCO3, H2O
Excrete: K, H
Tubule function factors (5)
of functional nephrons
Flow rate within tubule
Medullary tonicity
Aldosterone
ADH
Main cause & alternative causes of hypernatremia & hyperchloremia
Dehydration !!
- h2o loss
- osmotic dieresis
- hyperaldosteroinism
- excess intake
Causes for hypoatremia & hypochloremia
Na & K loss
Na & K shifting
Excess water
Ways to lose Na or K
GI tract - vomiting diarrhea
Kidneys - dieresis, renal function
Skin - sweating or burns
Causes for Na or K shifting
Cell lysis - low levels due to shifting into dead cell
Cavitary (3rd) space - bladder ruptured, won’t appear on blood work, urine/electrolytes aren’t present in blood
Tumor necrosis
Myopatheis
Diabetes mellitus
Which to moles should follow each other?
Sodium and chloride should be functioning together
Be concerned when they’re not
How can excess water cause cardiac problems?
*heart failure
Decreased cardiac output = increased Na
Changing plasma volume = hyponatremia/chloremia