Pathology - Fundmanetals Of Neoplasia Flashcards
Neoplasia definition
New growth
Neoplasm
Disorder of cell growth, triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell & its clinal progeny
Tumor definition
Swelling - may or may not be neoplastic
Cancer
Malignant neoplasms, common to describe whole disease
Disease function of neoplasia
Genetic disease arising from DNA alterations that days regulate gene structure or function
Permanence of neoplasia
Irreversible, can remove but cell damage is permanent
4 classes of normal regulatory genes - targets for cancer mutations
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
DNA repair genes
Genes regulating cell death
Benign neoplasia
Non invasive
No metastasis
Local removal is curative
Names for benign tissue suffix & examples
“Oma”
Adipose: lipo + oma
Fibroblasts: fibro + oma
Bone: osteo + oma
Tumor derived from glandular tissue
adeno
Malignant neoplasia
Locally invasive & destructive growth
Can/will metastasize
Malignant neplasm derived from mesenchymal cells
Sarcoma
Malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells
Carcinomas
Differentiation
Extent which neoplastic cells resemble the normal population of cells originally derived from
(Benign = well differentiated)
(Malignant = poorly differentiated)
Anaplastic
Common in malignant neoplasm
Poorly differentiated
Morphologic characteristics to evaluate differentiation
Cellular pleomorphism (shape/size)
Nuclear morphology- anisokaryosis
Nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
Mitosis type
Cellular orientation (cytoplasma location)
Functional differentiation
Do tumor cells behave like the tissue of origin
Example of a benign tumor with malignant consequences
Pituitary tumor secreting extra ACTH leading to cushings disease. Tumor itself was benign but result had malignant properties
Most important characteristic of malignancy
Lack or presence of local invasiveness
-surgical margins
Metastasis definition
Spread of neoplastic cells from primary lesion to physically discontinuous sites
Pathways for metastasis
Blood stream (sarcomas)
Lymphatic channels and nodes (carcinomas)
Direct implantation by contact (carinomatosis)
Hyperplasia definition
Increased number of cells in a tissue
Function of hyperplasia
Orderly pattern of growth
Cells resemble normal cells
May increase mitotic figures
Can be normal and responsive
Permanence of hyperplasia
Can be reversible if stimulus for growth is removed
Dysplasia definition
Disorderly but non-neoplastic growth of epithelial cells
Dysplasia function
Cells show loss in uniformity - pleomorphism
May increase mitotic figures
May progress to neoplasia
Carcinoma in-situ
When dysplastic changes are full thickness but do not penetrate the basement membrane
Metaplasia definition
Replacement of one adult cell types by another of the same germ line
Function of metaplasia
Often associated with prolonged tissue damage or repair
May be reversible if source of irritation is removed
Possibly pre-neoplastic
