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Pathology + First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

_ is involuntary, rapid, repetitive eye movements

A

Nystagmus is involuntary, rapid, repetitive eye movements
* Gets its name for the fast stage

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2
Q

Ataxia means _

A

Ataxia means impaired balance or coordination

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3
Q

Damage to the cerebellum will manifest (ipsilaterally/contralaterally)

A

Damage to the cerebellum will manifest ipsilaterally

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4
Q

A lesion on the left cerebellar hemisphere will result in (left/right) deficit

A

A lesion on the left cerebellar hemisphere will result in left deficit (ipsilateral)

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5
Q

Appendicular ataxia is caused by a lesion to the [cerebellar structure]

A

Appendicular ataxia is caused by a lesion to the cerebellar hemispheres

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6
Q

Truncal ataxia is caused by a lesion to the [cerebellar structure]

A

Truncal ataxia is caused by a lesion to the vermis, nodulus, flocculus

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7
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis is inability to _

A

Dysdiadochokinesis is inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

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8
Q

Dysmetria is _

A

Dysmetria is overshooting or undershooting the target when pointing

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9
Q

An intention tremor is a tremor during _

A

An intention tremor is a tremor during intentional movement (does not occur at rest)

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10
Q

Nystagmus and scanning speech can also be part of appendicular ataxia; scanning speech is when _

A

Nystagmus and *scanning speech *can also be part of appendicular ataxia; scanning speech is when syllables are broken up by halting pauses

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11
Q

Truncal ataxia manifests as _

A

Truncal ataxia manifests as wide-based gait ataxia and inability to sit unsupported by their arms

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12
Q
A

Holoprosencephaly- monoventricle

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13
Q

Chiari II malformation is the herniation of _ and _

A

Chiari II malformation is the herniation of vermis and tonsils
* Also associated with aqueductal stenosis –> noncommunicating hydrocephalus
* Associated with myelomeningocele

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14
Q

Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis is [malformation]

A

Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis is dandy walker malformation
* See cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
* Non-communicating hydrocephalus

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15
Q

The palatoglossus muscle which elevates the posterior tongue during swallowing is the only tongue muscle innervated by [CN]

A

The palatoglossus muscle which elevates the posterior tongue during swallowing is the only tongue muscle innervated by CN X

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16
Q

Ependymal cells are [type cell] that line the ventricles and help make CSF

A

Ependymal cells are simple columnar glial cells that line the ventricles and help make CSF

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17
Q

Cranial nerve _ gets myelinated by oligodendrocytes, while III-XII get myelinated by schwann cells

A

CN I and II get myelinated by oligodendrocytes, while III-XII get myelinated by schwann cells

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18
Q

The reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury is called _

A

The reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury is called chromatolysis

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19
Q

The changes in chromatolysis reflect an increase in _ to repair the damaged axon

A

The changes in chromatolysis reflect an increase in protein synthesis to repair the damaged axon
* Round cellular swelling
* Displacement of the nucleus to periphery
* Dispersion of nissl substance throughout cytoplasm

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20
Q

Disintegration of an injured axon and myelin downstream of the injury site is called _

A

Disintegration of an injured axon and myelin downstream of the injury site is called Wallerian degeneration
* Involves macrophages removing debris

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21
Q

Ach is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

Ach is synthesized in basal nucleus of Meynert

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22
Q

Dopamine is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

Dopamine is synthesized in ventral tegmentum, Substantia nigra pars compacta

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23
Q

GABA is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

GABA is synthesized in nucleus accumbens

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24
Q

NE is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

NE is synthesized in locus ceruleus (pons)

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25
Serotonin is synthesized in [nucleus]
Serotonin is synthesized in **raphe nuclei** (medulla, pons)
26
The [nucleus] in the medulla coordinates the vomiting center
The **nucleus tractus solitarius** in the medulla coordinates the vomiting center * *Receives info from chemoreceptor trigger zone, GI (vagus), vestibular system, CNS*
27
The chemoreceptor trigger zone is found in the [area]
The chemoreceptor trigger zone is found in the **area postrema** * Gets input from many receptors, M1, D2, H1, 5-HT, NK-1
28
The superior colliculi functions to _
The superior colliculi functions to **direct eye movements to stimuli (noise)**
29
The inferior colliculi have [function]
The inferior colliculi have **auditory function**
30
Alzheimer disease is an issue with _ gene on chromosome _
Alzheimer disease is an issue with **APP** gene on chromosome **21**
31
What gross brain changes may be seen from alzheimers?
1. **Widespread cortical atrophy** 2. Atrophy of **hippocampus** 3. Narrowing of gyri and **widening of sulci**
32
Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular, hyperphosphorylated _ protein; seen in [disease]
Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular, hyperphosphorylated **tau protein**; seen in **Alzheimer disease**
32
What microscopic changes can be seen with alzheimers?
1. **Senile plaques** in gray matter 2. **Extracellular beta-amyloid** core 3. **Neurofibrillary tangles** 4. **Hirano bodies**
33
Intracellular eosinophilic proteinaceous rods in the hippocampus may indicate _
Intracellular eosinophilic proteinaceous rods in the hippocampus may indicate **Alzheimer disease** * These are called hirano bodies
34
Lewy bodies can mean either [disease] or [disease] so these must be distinguished by symptoms
Lewy bodies can mean either **Parkinson disease** or **Lewy body dimentia** so these must be distinguished by symptoms
35
If motor deficits precede cognitive changes by >1 year then the diagnosis is (Lewy/Parkinson)
If motor deficits precede cognitive changes by >1 year then the diagnosis is **Parkinson** * Lewy body dementia, they usually occur together
36
Key features of lewy body dementia:
Key features of lewy body dementia: 1. **Visual hallucinations** 2. Fluctuating cognition 3. **REM sleep behavior disorder** 4. **Parkinsonism**
37
[Dementia] is the result of multiple arterial infarcts and/or chronic ischemia
**Vascular dementia** is the result of multiple arterial infarcts and/or chronic ischemia * Imaging shows multiple cortical or subcortical infarcts * Look for risk factors like smoking, obesity, HTN
38
Step-wise decline in cognitive ability and late-onset memory impairment is classic for [dementia]
Step-wise decline in cognitive ability and late-onset memory impairment is classic for **vascular dementia**
39
Early changes in personality and behavior is classic for [dementia]
Early changes in personality and behavior is classic for **fronto-temporal dementia** * Also can see aphasia
40
Rapidly progressive dementia (weeks to months) with myoclonus is classic for [dementia]
Rapidly progressive dementia (weeks to months) with myoclonus is classic for **Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease** * Can also see ataxia
41
Periodic sharp waves on EEG and increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF is classic for [dementia]
Periodic sharp waves on EEG and increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF is classic for **Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease**
42
Intracellular lewy bodies in the *cortex* suggests [dementia]
Intracellular lewy bodies in the *cortex* suggests **lewy body dementia**
43
Intracellular lewy bodies in the *throughout brain* suggests [dementia/disease]
Intracellular lewy bodies in the *throughout brain* suggests **parkinson disease**
44
Spongiform cortex (vacuolization without inflammation) is seen in [dementia]
Spongiform cortex (vacuolization without inflammation) is seen in **Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease**
45
"Wet, wobbly, and wacky" is to remember the symptoms of _
"Wet, wobbly, and wacky" is to remember the symptoms of **normal pressure hydrocephalus** * Affects the elderly * Transient CSF elevation * Urinary incontinence, gait apraxia, cognitive dysfunction * Shunt or LP resolves symptoms
46
Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly mimics hydrocephalus but is actually just due to decrease in brain tissue due to [disease] and ICP is normal
Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly mimics hydrocephalus but is actually just due to decrease in brain tissue due to **alzheimer, parkinson, huntington, HIV** and ICP is normal
47
Reactivation of JC virus in HIV patients can cause [disease], demyelination of CNS, visual symptoms, etc
Reactivation of JC virus in HIV patients can cause **Progressive multifocal leukoencephlopathy**, demyelination of CNS, visual symptoms, etc
48
Friedreich ataxia is [inheritance] trinucleotide repeat disorder on chromosome _
Friedreich ataxia is **autosomal recessive** trinucleotide repeat disorder on **chromosome 9** * GAA * Gene encodes iron binding protein, get mitochondrial dysfunction
49
Staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, slurring, pes cavus, diabetes, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are classic for _
Staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, slurring, pes cavus, diabetes, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are classic for **Friedreich ataxia** * Friedreich is a frat brother who is always staggering and falling but has a sweet, big heart
50
Freidreich ataxia is associated with [spinal deformity]
Freidreich ataxia is associated with **kyphoscoliosis**
51
CN V motor lesion, the jaw deviates _ lesion
CN V motor lesion, the jaw deviates **towards** lesion
52
CN X lesion, the uvula deviates _ lesion
CN X lesion, the uvula deviates **away from** lesion * Weak side collapses
53
CN XI lesion, weakness turning the head _ lesion
CN XI lesion, weakness turning the head **away from** lesion (contralateral) * The left SCM helps turn head to the right
54
CN XI lesion, shoulder droop _ lesion
CN XI lesion, shoulder droop **ipsilateral** to lesion
55
CN XII lesion, tongue goes _ lesion
CN XII lesion, tongue goes **toward** lesion
56
Senile plaques seen in alzheimer disease
57
Neurofibrillary tangles- alzheimer disease
58
Pick bodies/ inclusions of tau protein; frontotemporal dementia
59
Vascular dementia
60
Spongiform cortex; CJD
61
Describe HIV associated dementia
Cognitive changes, gait changes, depressed mood, irritability; multinucleated giant cells and subcortical atrophy

Neuro (18 decks)

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