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Neuro > Pathology + First Aid > Flashcards

Pathology + First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

_ is involuntary, rapid, repetitive eye movements

A

Nystagmus is involuntary, rapid, repetitive eye movements
* Gets its name for the fast stage

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2
Q

Ataxia means _

A

Ataxia means impaired balance or coordination

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3
Q

Damage to the cerebellum will manifest (ipsilaterally/contralaterally)

A

Damage to the cerebellum will manifest ipsilaterally

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4
Q

A lesion on the left cerebellar hemisphere will result in (left/right) deficit

A

A lesion on the left cerebellar hemisphere will result in left deficit (ipsilateral)

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5
Q

Appendicular ataxia is caused by a lesion to the [cerebellar structure]

A

Appendicular ataxia is caused by a lesion to the cerebellar hemispheres

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6
Q

Truncal ataxia is caused by a lesion to the [cerebellar structure]

A

Truncal ataxia is caused by a lesion to the vermis, nodulus, flocculus

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7
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis is inability to _

A

Dysdiadochokinesis is inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

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8
Q

Dysmetria is _

A

Dysmetria is overshooting or undershooting the target when pointing

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9
Q

An intention tremor is a tremor during _

A

An intention tremor is a tremor during intentional movement (does not occur at rest)

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10
Q

Nystagmus and scanning speech can also be part of appendicular ataxia; scanning speech is when _

A

Nystagmus and *scanning speech *can also be part of appendicular ataxia; scanning speech is when syllables are broken up by halting pauses

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11
Q

Truncal ataxia manifests as _

A

Truncal ataxia manifests as wide-based gait ataxia and inability to sit unsupported by their arms

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12
Q
A

Holoprosencephaly- monoventricle

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13
Q

Chiari II malformation is the herniation of _ and _

A

Chiari II malformation is the herniation of vermis and tonsils
* Also associated with aqueductal stenosis –> noncommunicating hydrocephalus
* Associated with myelomeningocele

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14
Q

Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis is [malformation]

A

Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis is dandy walker malformation
* See cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
* Non-communicating hydrocephalus

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15
Q

The palatoglossus muscle which elevates the posterior tongue during swallowing is the only tongue muscle innervated by [CN]

A

The palatoglossus muscle which elevates the posterior tongue during swallowing is the only tongue muscle innervated by CN X

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16
Q

Ependymal cells are [type cell] that line the ventricles and help make CSF

A

Ependymal cells are simple columnar glial cells that line the ventricles and help make CSF

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17
Q

Cranial nerve _ gets myelinated by oligodendrocytes, while III-XII get myelinated by schwann cells

A

CN II gets myelinated by oligodendrocytes, while III-XII get myelinated by schwann cells

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18
Q

The reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury is called _

A

The reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury is called chromatolysis

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19
Q

The changes in chromatolysis reflect an increase in _ to repair the damaged axon

A

The changes in chromatolysis reflect an increase in protein synthesis to repair the damaged axon
* Round cellular swelling
* Displacement of the nucleus to periphery
* Dispersion of nissl substance throughout cytoplasm

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20
Q

Disintegration of an injured axon and myelin downstream of the injury site is called _

A

Disintegration of an injured axon and myelin downstream of the injury site is called Wallerian degeneration
* Involves macrophages removing debris

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21
Q

Ach is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

Ach is synthesized in basal nucleus of Meynert

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22
Q

Dopamine is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

Dopamine is synthesized in ventral tegmentum, Substantia nigra pars compacta

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23
Q

GABA is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

GABA is synthesized in nucleus accumbens

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24
Q

NE is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

NE is synthesized in locus ceruleus (pons)

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25
Q

Serotonin is synthesized in [nucleus]

A

Serotonin is synthesized in raphe nuclei (medulla, pons)

26
Q

The [nucleus] in the medulla coordinates the vomiting center

A

The nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla coordinates the vomiting center
* Receives info from chemoreceptor trigger zone, GI (vagus), vestibular system, CNS

27
Q

The chemoreceptor trigger zone is found in the [area]

A

The chemoreceptor trigger zone is found in the area postrema
* Gets input from many receptors, M1, D2, H1, 5-HT, NK-1

28
Q

The superior colliculi functions to _

A

The superior colliculi functions to direct eye movements to stimuli (noise)

29
Q

The inferior colliculi have [function]

A

The inferior colliculi have auditory function

30
Q

Alzheimer disease is an issue with _ gene on chromosome _

A

Alzheimer disease is an issue with APP gene on chromosome 21

31
Q

What gross brain changes may be seen from alzheimers?

A
  1. Widespread cortical atrophy
  2. Atrophy of hippocampus
  3. Narrowing of gyri and widening of sulci
32
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular, hyperphosphorylated _ protein; seen in [disease]

A

Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular, hyperphosphorylated tau protein; seen in Alzheimer disease

32
Q

What microscopic changes can be seen with alzheimers?

A
  1. Senile plaques in gray matter
  2. Extracellular beta-amyloid core
  3. Neurofibrillary tangles
  4. Hirano bodies
33
Q

Intracellular eosinophilic proteinaceous rods in the hippocampus may indicate _

A

Intracellular eosinophilic proteinaceous rods in the hippocampus may indicate Alzheimer disease
* These are called hirano bodies

34
Q

Lewy bodies can mean either [disease] or [disease] so these must be distinguished by symptoms

A

Lewy bodies can mean either Parkinson disease or Lewy body dimentia so these must be distinguished by symptoms

35
Q

If motor deficits precede cognitive changes by >1 year then the diagnosis is (Lewy/Parkinson)

A

If motor deficits precede cognitive changes by >1 year then the diagnosis is Parkinson
* Lewy body dementia, they usually occur together

36
Q

Key features of lewy body dementia:

A

Key features of lewy body dementia:
1. Visual hallucinations
2. Fluctuating cognition
3. REM sleep behavior disorder
4. Parkinsonism

37
Q

[Dementia] is the result of multiple arterial infarcts and/or chronic ischemia

A

Vascular dementia is the result of multiple arterial infarcts and/or chronic ischemia
* Imaging shows multiple cortical or subcortical infarcts
* Look for risk factors like smoking, obesity, HTN

38
Q

Step-wise decline in cognitive ability and late-onset memory impairment is classic for [dementia]

A

Step-wise decline in cognitive ability and late-onset memory impairment is classic for vascular dementia

39
Q

Early changes in personality and behavior is classic for [dementia]

A

Early changes in personality and behavior is classic for fronto-temporal dementia
* Also can see aphasia

40
Q

Rapidly progressive dementia (weeks to months) with myoclonus is classic for [dementia]

A

Rapidly progressive dementia (weeks to months) with myoclonus is classic for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
* Can also see ataxia

41
Q

Periodic sharp waves on EEG and increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF is classic for [dementia]

A

Periodic sharp waves on EEG and increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF is classic for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

42
Q

Intracellular lewy bodies in the cortex suggests [dementia]

A

Intracellular lewy bodies in the cortex suggests lewy body dementia

43
Q

Intracellular lewy bodies in the throughout brain suggests [dementia/disease]

A

Intracellular lewy bodies in the throughout brain suggests parkinson disease

44
Q

Spongiform cortex (vacuolization without inflammation) is seen in [dementia]

A

Spongiform cortex (vacuolization without inflammation) is seen in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

45
Q

“Wet, wobbly, and wacky” is to remember the symptoms of _

A

“Wet, wobbly, and wacky” is to remember the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus
* Affects the elderly
* Transient CSF elevation
* Urinary incontinence, gait apraxia, cognitive dysfunction
* Shunt or LP resolves symptoms

46
Q

Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly mimics hydrocephalus but is actually just due to decrease in brain tissue due to [disease] and ICP is normal

A

Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly mimics hydrocephalus but is actually just due to decrease in brain tissue due to alzheimer, parkinson, huntington, HIV and ICP is normal

47
Q

Reactivation of JC virus in HIV patients can cause [disease], demyelination of CNS, visual symptoms, etc

A

Reactivation of JC virus in HIV patients can cause Progressive multifocal leukoencephlopathy, demyelination of CNS, visual symptoms, etc

48
Q

Friedreich ataxia is [inheritance] trinucleotide repeat disorder on chromosome _

A

Friedreich ataxia is autosomal recessive trinucleotide repeat disorder on chromosome 9
* GAA
* Gene encodes iron binding protein, get mitochondrial dysfunction

49
Q

Staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, slurring, pes cavus, diabetes, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are classic for _

A

Staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, slurring, pes cavus, diabetes, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are classic for Friedreich ataxia
* Friedreich is a frat brother who is always staggering and falling but has a sweet, big heart

50
Q

Freidreich ataxia is associated with [spinal deformity]

A

Freidreich ataxia is associated with kyphoscoliosis

51
Q

CN V motor lesion, the jaw deviates _ lesion

A

CN V motor lesion, the jaw deviates towards lesion

52
Q

CN X lesion, the uvula deviates _ lesion

A

CN X lesion, the uvula deviates away from lesion
* Weak side collapses

53
Q

CN XI lesion, weakness turning the head _ lesion

A

CN XI lesion, weakness turning the head away from lesion (contralateral)
* The left SCM helps turn head to the right

54
Q

CN XI lesion, shoulder droop _ lesion

A

CN XI lesion, shoulder droop ipsilateral to lesion

55
Q

CN XII lesion, tongue goes _ lesion

A

CN XII lesion, tongue goes toward lesion

56
Q
A

Senile plaques seen in alzheimer disease

57
Q
A

Neurofibrillary tangles- alzheimer disease

58
Q
A

Pick bodies/ inclusions of tau protein; frontotemporal dementia

59
Q
A

Vascular dementia

60
Q
A

Spongiform cortex; CJD

61
Q

Describe HIV associated dementia

A

Cognitive changes, gait changes, depressed mood, irritability; multinucleated giant cells and subcortical atrophy

Neuro (18 decks)

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