Intro to neuro Flashcards
What plane?
Horizontal
What plane?
Coronal
Sagittal
Two hemispheres of the brain make up the _
Two hemispheres of the brain make up the cerebrum
The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the _
The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex
The diencephalon is the space surrounding the _ and _
The diencephalon is the space surrounding the thalamus and hypothalamus
Name the portions of the brainstem superior to inferior
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
The cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex and the _
The cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex and the underlying white and grey matter
ID structure
Longitudinal fissure
ID structure
Central sulcus
ID structure
Lateral (sylvian) fissure
ID structure
Parieto-occipital sulcus
ID structure
Corpus collosum
ID structure
Corpus collosum
_ cortices are the first regions to receive crude sensory information
Primary sensory cortices are the first regions to receive crude sensory information
* Sends information to association areas for detailed processing
_ is the last region in the cortex to receive motor information before it descends to lower regions
Primary motor cortex is the last region in the cortex to receive motor information before it descends to lower regions
(Primary sensory cortices/ association cortices) are responsible for detailed processing
Association cortices are responsible for detailed processing
* Constitutes the majority of the cortex
ID structure
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex
ID structure
Primary somatosensory cortex
ID structure
Broca area
ID structure
Wernicke area
The _ cortex is responsible for executive functions like planning and reasoning
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functions like planning and reasoning
In addition to executive functions, the prefrontal cortex also has a role in _
In addition to executive functions, the prefrontal cortex also has a role in behavior, emotions, inhibition, learning, memory
The precentral gyrus is the site of the _
The precentral gyrus is the site of the primary motor cortex
The precentral gyrus is responsible for _
The precentral gyrus is responsible for execution of voluntary movements (primary motor cortex)
_ is responsible for language production
Broca’s area is responsible for language production
For most right handed individuals, broca’s area will be found in the (R/L) hemisphere
For most right handed individuals, broca’s area will be found in the left hemisphere
Damage to the _ lobe can result in hemispatial neglect
Damage to the parietal lobe can result in hemispatial neglect
The parietal lobe is responsible for _
The parietal lobe is responsible for sensation, perception, proprioception, balance, visuospatial processing, movement detection
The postcentral gyrus is the site for _
The postcentral gyrus is the site for primary somatosensory cortex
_ receives crude sensory information like touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception
Primary somatosensory cortex receives crude sensory information like touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception
The _ cortex helps with balance, equilibrium, spatial orientation, visual reflexes, and postural reflexes
The primary vestibular cortex helps with balance, equilibrium, spatial orientation, visual reflexes, and postural reflexes
The primary vestibular cortex is composed of several regions including the _ and _
The primary vestibular cortex is composed of several regions including the temporoparietal and frontal cortex
The primary motor and somatosensory cortices are organized somatotopically, with higher cortical surface area for areas with _
The primary motor and somatosensory cortices are organized somatotopically, with higher cortical surface area for areas with greater receptor innervation
The temporal lobe has functions in _
The temporal lobe has functions in audition, olfaction, emotion, memory
* Also routes visual information
Detection and localization of sound in the primary auditory cortex occurs _laterally
Detection and localization of sound in the primary auditory cortex occurs bilaterally
The _ is a hook-shaped structure in the innermost part of the temporal lobe that helps with olfactory processing
The uncus is a hook-shaped structure in the innermost part of the temporal lobe that helps with olfactory processing
The _ cortex and _ cortex are important structures for olfaction in addition to the uncus
The piriform cortex and entorhinal cortex are important structures for olfaction in addition to the uncus
The hippocampus and amygdala are located in the _ lobe
The hippocampus and amygdala are located in the temporal lobe
_ is the area responsible for language comprehension and it is located in the _
Wernicke’s area is the area responsible for language comprehension and it is located in the temporal lobe
Agrammatism and anomia are examples of _ aphasia
Agrammatism and anomia are examples of broca’s aphasia
_ aphasia is characterized by fluent but meaningless speech
Wernicke’s aphasia is characterized by fluent but meaningless speech
Broca’s area is linked to wernicke’s area by _
Broca’s area is linked to wernicke’s area by arcuate fasciculus
Cell bodies are found in (broca/ wernicke) while axons synapse in (broca/ wernicke)
Cell bodies are found in Wernicke’s area while axons synapse in Broca’s area
Motion recognition and orientation towards a visual stimulus is the responsibility of the _ lobe
Motion recognition and orientation towards a visual stimulus is the responsibility of the occipital lobe
The primary visual cortex is found along the _ sulcus
The primary visual cortex is found along the calcarine sulcus
The right visual field is processed in the (right/left) hemisphere
The right visual field is processed in the left hemisphere (contralateral)
The retinotopic organization of the occipital lobe means that higher cortical surface area means _
The retinotopic organization of the occipital lobe means that higher cortical surface area means higher receptor innervation and visual acuity
The _ region of the brain is important for balance, coordination, and fine muscle control
The cerebellum of the brain is important for balance, coordination, and fine muscle control
Broca’s area is found in the _ region
Broca’s area is found in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus
The primary auditory cortex is located in the _ region
The primary auditory cortex is located in the transverse temporal gyri (Heschl’s gyrus)
Wernicke’s area is located in the _ region
Wernicke’s area is located in the superior temporal gyrus
The primary olfactory cortex is found in the _ regions
The primary olfactory cortex is found in the uncus, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex
The largest white matter tract in the brain is the _
The largest white matter tract in the brain is the corpus callosum
The purpose of the corpus collosum is to _
The purpose of the corpus collosum is to allow two hemispheres to communicate
ID the dark red structure
Lateral ventricles
ID the pink structures
Caudate nucleus
ID the yellow structures
Thalamus
ID the putamen
ID the globus pallidus interna and externa
ID the green structures
Subthalamic nucleus (superior)
Substantia nigra (inferior)
The substantia nigra is part of the [larger region] while the subthalamic nucleus is part of the [larger region]
The substantia nigra is part of the midbrain while the subthalamic nucleus is part of the diencephalon
_ matter is made up of bundles of axons
White matter is made up of bundles of axons
_ matter is made up of clusters of neuronal cell bodies
Grey matter is made up of clusters of neuronal cell bodies
In the CNS a bundle of axons is called a _
In the CNS a bundle of axons is called a tract
* Or fasciculus, lemniscus, column, pathway
In the PNS, a bundle of axons is called a _
In the PNS, a bundle of axons is called a nerve
Grey matter is the brain is found in the outer region, _ and the inner region _
Grey matter is the brain is found in the outer region, cortex and the inner region nucleus
Grey matter in the PNS is called _
Grey matter in the PNS is called ganglia
* Encapsulated aggregation of cell bodies found in the periphery
* We have spinal, cranial, autonomic ganglia
_ fibers connect cortical areas
Association fibers connect cortical areas
_ fibers connect the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord
Projection fibers connect the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord
* E.g. ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
_ fibers connect similar areas between hemispheres
Commissural fibers connect similar areas between hemispheres
The _ white matter tract connects the hemispheres and all four lobes
The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres and all four lobes
The _ is the bidirectional tract that transmits information to and from the cerebral cortex/ brainstem
The internal capsule is the bidirectional tract that transmits information to and from the cerebral cortex/ brainstem
Name the 3 parts of the internal capsule
Name the 3 parts of the internal capsule
1. Anterior limb
2. Genu
3. Posterior limb
[Internal capsule segment] that helps in cognition, decision-making, emotion, and motivation
Anterior limb is the part of the internal capsule that helps in cognition, decision-making, emotion, and motivation
[Internal capsule segment] helps with limb movement, bodily somatosensation, vision, audition
Posterior limb helps with limb movement, bodily somatosensation, vision, audition
The “striatum” is made up of the _ + _
The “striatum” is made of the caudate nucleus + putamen
The lentiform nucleus is made up of the _ + _
The lentiform nucleus is made up of the putamen + globus pallidus
The function of the basal ganglia (collection of structures) is to _
The function of the basal ganglia (collection of structures) is to modulate voluntary movement and posture
Name the four divisions of the diencephalon
Name the four divisions of the diencephalon:
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Subthalamus
The epithalamus contains the [structure]
The epithalamus contains the pineal gland
* Melatonin –> circadian rhythm
The _ is a central hub in the brain that processes and transmits sensory and motor information
The thalamus is a central hub in the brain that processes and transmits sensory and motor information
The _ has autonomic, endocrine, and limbic functions and has a role in motivated behaviors
The hypothalamus has autonomic, endocrine, and limbic functions and has a role in motivated behaviors
The subthalamus contains the subthalamic nucleus which is part of the _ and functions to _
The subthalamus contains the subthalamic nucleus which is part of the basal ganglia and functions to modulate motor control
ID the structure
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
ID the structure
Thalamus
ID the structure
Hypothalamus
The ventral anterior nucleus (VA) has _ functions
The ventral anterior nucleus (VA) has motor functions
The VA gets input from _ and sends output to _
The VA gets input from globus pallidus and sends output to premotor cortex
Ventral lateral nucleus (VL) has _ functions
Ventral lateral nucleus (VL) has motor functions
The VL gets input from the _ and sends output to the _
The VL gets input from the cerebellum & basal ganglia and sends output to the primary motor cortex
The _ and _ thalamic nuclei coordinate motor function
The VA and VL thalamic nuclei coordinate motor function
* Vacate from ants
* Vodka ~walk~ laterally
The _ thalamic nucleus relays information about bodily sensation
The ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus relays information about bodily sensation
* Vibration, pain, pressure, proprioception, light touch = V. P. L.
The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) is responsible for relaying _
The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) is responsible for relaying facial sensation & taste
* Vocalist post malone has distasteful facial tattoos
The VPL gets input from _ and _
The VPL gets input from spinothalamic and dorsal column medial lemniscus pathways
The VPL sends output to the _
The VPL sends output to the primary somatosensory cortex
The ventral posteromedial nucleus gets input from _ and _
The ventral posteromedial nucleus gets input from trigeminal nerve and gustatory pathway
The VPM sends output to the _
The VPM sends output to the primary somatosensory cortex
The _ thalamic nucleus relays vision information
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) thalamic nucleus relays vision information
* Long gone the night
The lateral geniculate nucleus gets input from the _ areas
The lateral geniculate nucleus gets input from the:
* Optic nerve (CN II)
* Optic chiasm
* Optic tract
The LGN sends output to the _
The LGN sends output to the primary visual cortex
The _ thalamic nucleus relays hearing info
The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) thalamic nucleus relays hearing info
The MGN receives input from the _
The MGN receives input from the superior olive & inferior colliculus of the tectum
The MGN sends output to the _
The MGN sends output to the primary auditory cortex
The _ and _ thalamic nuclei send output to the primary somatosensory cortex
The VPL and VPM thalamic nuclei send output to the primary somatosensory cortex
The lateral nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates _
The lateral nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates hunger
The ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates _
The ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates satiety
The lateral nucleus activity is stimulated by [hormone] and inhibited by [hormone]
The lateral nucleus activity is stimulated by ghrelin and inhibited by leptin
The ventromedial nucleus is stimulated by [hormone]
The ventromedial nucleus is stimulated by leptin
A lesion of the _ hypothalamic nucleus can cause anorexia or failure to thrive
A lesion of the lateral nucleus can cause anorexia or failure to thrive
A lesion of the _ hypothalamic nucleus can cause hyperphagia
A lesion of the ventromedial nucleus can cause hyperphagia
The anterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _
The anterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for cooling & parasympathetic ANS
The posterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _
The posterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for heating & sympathetic nucleus
A lesion of the [hypothalamic nucleus] can cause hyperthermia
A lesion of the anterior nucleus can cause hyperthermia
A lesion of the [hypothalamic nucleus] can cause hypothermia
A lesion of the posterior nucleus can cause hypothermia
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for circadian rhythms
* SCN = sun sensing
The paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases _
The paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases oxytocin
* SAD POX
The supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases _
The supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases ADH
* SAD POX
The preoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _ and _
The preoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for thermoregulation and sexual behaviors
A lesion of the preoptic nucleus can result in _ syndrome
A lesion of the preoptic nucleus can result in Kallmann syndrome
* Underdeveloped or absent secondary sex characteristics + impaired sense of smell
Hyposmia or anosmia may be caused by a lesion at the [hypothalamic nucleus]
Hyposmia or anosmia may be caused by a lesion at the preoptic nucleus
The [hypothalamic nucleus] is responsible for producing and releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
The preoptic nucleus is responsible for producing and releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
The function of the limbic system can be remembered with the mnemonic _
The function of the limbic system can be remembered with the mnemonic “the 5 F’s”
1. Feeding
2. Fleeing
3. Fighting
4. Feeling
5. Sex
Regulates long term memory, emotion, behavioral regulation, autonomic responses, endocrine responses, olfaction, pain affect
The _ and _ brain structures are important for storage and retrieval of procedural memories
The basal ganglia and cerebellum brain structures are important for storage and retrieval of procedural memories
* E.g remembering how to ride a bike
The _ is involved in emotion memory, a form of implicit memory
The amygdala is involved in emotional memory, a form of implicit memory
The _ and _ regions of the brain are involved in short and long term memory
The hippocampus and cortex regions of the brain are involved in short and long term memory
Semantic and episodic are two forms of _ memory
Semantic and episodic are two forms of declarative (explicit) memory
Name 3 main regions of the limbic system
Name 3 main regions of the limbic system
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Diencephalon
3. Reticular formation
Name the components of the cerebral cortex (part of limbic system)
Name the components of the cerebral cortex (part of limbic system)
1. Cingulate gyrus
2. Parahippocampal gyrus
3. Dentate gyrus
4. Fornix
5. Amygdala
6. Hippocampus
The _ connects the limbic structures to the prefrontal cortex
The cingulate gyrus connects the limbic structures to the prefrontal cortex
The _ is involved in enthusiasm, passion, pain unpleasantness, and avoidance; so a lesion here can result in flattened affect
The cingulate gyrus is involved in enthusiasm, passion, pain unpleasantness, and avoidance; so a lesion here can result in flattened affect
The parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and hippocampus are all components of the _ lobe
The parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and hippocampus are all components of the temporal lobe
The parahippocampal gyrus has functions in _
The parahippocampal gyrus has functions in episodic memory
* E.g. specific details about events, time, and places
* Helps with navigational memory
A lesion in the [brain region] may result in loss of empathy and remorse, new-onset anxiety and aggression
A lesion in the amygdala may result in loss of empathy and remorse, new-onset anxiety and aggression
Bilateral damage of the amygdala can cause _ syndrome
Bilateral damage of the amygdala can cause Kluver-Bucy syndrome
_ is a limbic system region that is particularly epileptogenic (seizures tend to originate here)
Hippocampus is a limbic system region that is particularly epileptogenic (seizures tend to originate here)
A lesion in the hippocampus can result in _
A lesion in the hippocampus can result in memory loss, anterograde amnesia
* Hippocampus has a big role in learning and memory
* E.g. Alzheimer’s disease
ID the structure
Mamillary bodies
Bilateral damage to the mamillary bodies may result in _ syndrome
Bilateral damage to the mamillary bodies may result in Korsakoff’s syndrome
Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder that most often causes (anterograde/retrograde) amnesia
Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder that most often causes anterograde amnesia
* Can’t form new memories
Chronic alcohol users are at risk for [vitamin deficiency] which can lead to anterograde amnesia & confabulation (Korsakoff’s syndrome)
Chronic alcohol users are at risk for vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency which can lead to anterograde amnesia & confabulation (Korsakoff’s syndrome)
The mesolimbic pathway (part of the limbic system) originates at the _ and targets the _
The mesolimbic pathway (part of the limbic system) originates at the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and targets the nucleus accumbens
* It also projects to the amygdala and frontal cortex
The mesolimbic pathway is involved in _
The mesolimbic pathway is involved in pleasure, reward, reinforcement, addiction
_ is located in the midbrain and contains dopaminergic neurons which produce dopamine
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) is located in the midbrain and contains dopaminergic neurons which produce dopamine
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus are part of the limbic system and have a role in _
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus are part of the limbic system and have a role in learning & memory
* Part of the papez circuit
The _ is a cluster of nuclei in the brainstem that controls arousal, alertness, breathing, etc
The reticular formation is a cluster of nuclei in the brainstem that controls arousal, alertness, breathing, etc
* Also home to nuclei that make NT like serotonin, NE
The _ is a circuit for memory and emotions that includes the hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex
The Papez circuit is a circuit for memory and emotions that includes the hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex
The hippocampus communicates with the mammillary bodies via the _ (Papez circuit)
The hippocampus communicates with the mammillary bodies via the fornix (Papez circuit)
The mamillary bodies communicate with the anterior thalamic nuclei via the _ tract (Papez circuit)
The mamillary bodies communicate with the anterior thalamic nuclei via the mammillothalamic tract (Papez circuit)
The anterior thalamic nuclei communicate with the cingulate cortex via the _
The anterior thalamic nuclei communicate with the cingulate cortex via the internal capsule
The cingulate cortex communicates with the hippocampus via the _
The cingulate cortex communicates with the hippocampus via the cingulum
Papez circuit:
Hippocampus –> _ –> _ –> _ –> hippocampus
Papez circuit:
Hippocampus –> mammillary bodies –> anterior thalamic nuclei –> cingulate cortex –> hippocampus
What would happen if the temporal lobes were removed or damaged?
- Would spare intelligence + procedural memory
- Would impair declarative memory + anterograde memory
- Think of patient H.M
Damage to the medial temporal lobes may result in _ syndrome, characterized by behaviors such as _
Damage to the medial temporal lobes may result in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, characterized by behaviors such as hyperorality, hypersexuality, emotional blunting, memory impairments (etc)
A common infectious cause of kluver-bucy syndrome is _
A common infectious cause of kluver-bucy syndrome is HSV-1
* Recall that HSV-1 causes temporal lobe encephalitis
The mesolimbic pathway (reward pathway) is stimulated by things like _
The mesolimbic pathway (reward pathway) is stimulated by things like food, drink, sex, ethanol, cocaine, amphetaminesm opiates, nicotine
* Over time the nucleus accumbens can become desensitized
Thalamus
Thalamus
