Ears + Eyes Flashcards
The external ear borders are the _ to the _
The external ear borders are the auricle/pinna to the tympanic membrane (includes the tympanic membrane)
* Includes the external auditory canal
The middle ear contains: [structures]
The middle ear contains:
* Ossicles
* Eustachian tube
* Stapedial and tensor tympani muscles
From lateral to medial, the ossicles are _ , _ , _ (oval window)
From lateral to medial, the ossicles are malleus , incus , stapes (oval window)
The stapedial muscle is innervated by [CN]
The stapedial muscle is innervated by facial nerve (VII)
The tensor tympani muscle is innervated by _ nerve
The tensor tympani muscle is innervated by pterygoid nerve (branch of V3)
The eustachian tube is a connection between the ear and nasopharynx that allows for _
The eustachian tube is a connection between the ear and nasopharynx that allows for pressure equalization
The only part of the ear that is not mucosa lined is the _
The only part of the ear that is not mucosa lined is the external ear (skin-lined)
The _ labyrinth is filled with perilymph
The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph
The _ labyrinth is filled with endolymph
The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph
(3) components of the bony labyrinth:
(3) components of the bony labyrinth:
1. Vestibule
2. Semicircular canals
3. Cochlea
Inside the vestibule, are two portions of membranous labyrinth that help detect head position, _ and _
Inside the vestibule, are two portions of membranous labyrinth that help detect head position, utricle and saccule
Inside the semicircular canals are the _ and inside the cochlea is the _
Inside the semicircular canals are the semicircular ducts and inside the cochlea is the cochlear duct
Vibration of the stapes –> _ –> movement of hair cells in the organ of corti –> _
Vibration of the stapes –> movement of perilymph in cochlea –> movement of hair cells in the organ of corti –> opening/closing of membrane channels and generation of nerve impulse
The base of the basilar membrane detects _ frequency sounds
The base of the basilar membrane detects high frequency sounds
The apex of the basilar membrane detects _ frequency sounds
The apex of the basilar membrane detects low frequency sounds
The _ branch of CN VIII receives signal from the inner and outer hair cells
The cochlear branch of CN VIII receives signal from the inner and outer hair cells
* It will then send information about pitch, volume, localization of sound
_ conduction is a way by which sound can vibrate through the skull and go directly to the coclea
Bone conduction is a way by which sound can vibrate through the skull and go directly to the coclea
* Skips the external and middle ear
In conductive hearing loss, the weber test will localize to the _
In conductive hearing loss, the weber test will localize to the affected ear
In sensorineural hearing loss, the weber test will localize to the _
In sensorineural hearing loss, the weber test will localize to the unaffected ear
In sensorineural hearing loss, the Rinne test will be better _
In sensorineural hearing loss, the Rinne test will be better in front of ear (air > bone)
In conductive hearing loss, the Rinne test will be better _
In conductive hearing loss, the Rinne test will be better behind the ear (bone > air)
Interpret this audiogram
Presbycusis: hearing loss at high frequencies
_ hearing loss means there is a problem in the external or middle ear; the problem is getting sound to the inner ear
Conductive hearing loss means there is a problem in the external or middle ear; the problem is getting sound to the inner ear
* Ex: cholesteatoma, otitis media, ossicular dysfunction, tympanic membrane perforation
Acquired cholesteatoma originates from _ dysfunction
Acquired cholesteatoma originates from eustachian tube dysfunction –> retraction of tympanic membrane –> build up of skin –> can degrade bone
When bone > air there is _ hearing loss
When bone > air there is conductive hearing loss
* On audiogram brackets = bone
Interpret the audiogram
Sensorineural hearing loss
* There is a problem of VIII
Examples of sensorineural hearing loss:
Examples of sensorineural hearing loss:
* Presbycusis
* Exposure to loud noise
* Congenital causes
* Tumor
* Ototoxic medications
Interpret the audiogram
Mixed hearing loss (combination)
The three main tissue layers of the eye are:
The three main tissue layers of the eye are:
1. Sclera/cornea from surface ectoderm
2. Uveal tract from mesoderm and neural crest
3. Retina/ neural from neuroectoderm
There are two segments of the eye; the _ which is the optical segment and the _ which is the sensory segment
There are two segments of the eye; the anterior segment which is the optical segment and the posterior segment which is the sensory segment
The anterior chamber is filled with _ and the posterior chamber is filled with _
The anterior chamber is filled with aqueous fluid and the posterior chamber is filled with vitreous fluid
The two chambers of the eye are in relation to the iris, the _ and _
The two chambers of the eye are in relation to the iris, the anterior and posterior
The _ are the output cells of the retina which send signal to the occipital cortex via the _
The retinal ganglion cells are the output cells of the retina which send signal to the occipital cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
ID the major landmarks
There are two main refractive structures in the eye, the _ and _
There are two main refractive structures in the eye, the cornea and lens
The _ is the air- tear film interface and it has the greatest refractive power
The cornea is the air- tear film interface and it has the greatest refractive power
If light is refracted too heavily or the eye is too long, the result is _
If light is refracted too heavily or the eye is too long, the result is myopia (near-sightedness)
If light is not refracted enough or the eye is too short, the result is _
If light is not refracted enough or the eye is too short, the result is hyperopia (far sightedness)
_ is an irregular refraction due to ocular surface or lens aberration
Astigmatism is an irregular refraction due to ocular surface or lens aberration