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First Aid Reproductive Chapter > Pathology - Endometrium > Flashcards

Pathology - Endometrium Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Well-circumscribed collection of endometrial tissue within uterine wall.

A

Endometrial Polyp

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2
Q

Endometrial polyps can contain what kind of tissue?

A

Smooth Muscle Cells

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3
Q

How does an endometrial polyp present?

A

May be asymptomatic or present with painless abnormal uterine bleeding.

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4
Q

What is an Adenomyosis?

A

Extension of endometrial tissue (glandular) into uterine myometrium.

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5
Q

What causes Adenomyosis?

A

Caused by hyperplasia of basal layer of endometrium.

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6
Q

What presents with dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, uniformly enlarged, soft, globular uterus?

A

Adenomyosis

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7
Q

How do you treat Adenomyosis?

A

GnRH agonists, hysterectomy.

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8
Q

Most common tumor in females?

A

Leiomyoma (Fibroma)

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9
Q

Who is at risk for Leiomyomas?

A

20-40 y/o African American

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10
Q

What is a Leiomyoma (fibroma)?

A

Benign smooth muscle tumor; malignant transformation to leiomyosarcoma is rare.

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11
Q

How does a Leiomyoma present?

A

Often presents with multiple discrete tumors. May be asymptomatic, cause abnormal uterine bleeding,

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12
Q

What are some complications with Leiomyomas? (2)

A

Miscarriage

Severe bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anemia.

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13
Q

How does estrogen effect Leiomyosarcomas?

A

Estrogen sensitive—increased tumor size with pregnancy and decreased with menopause.

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14
Q

What do you see on histo for Leiomyosarcomas?

A

Whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles with well-demarcated borders

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15
Q

What normally causes endometrial hyperplasia? What is at increased risk with endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Abnormal endometrial gland proliferation usually caused by excess estrogen stimulation. Can progress to Endometrial Carcinoma

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16
Q

What is the greatest risk factor for progression of endometrial hyperplasia to carcinoma?

A

nuclear atypia is greater risk factor than complex (vs simple) architecture.

17
Q

How does Endometrial Hyperplasia present?

A

Presents as postmenopausal vaginal bleeding.

18
Q

Risk factors for Endometrial Hyperplasia? (4)

A

Risk factors include anovulatory cycles, hormone replacement therapy, polycystic ovarian syndrome, granulosa cell tumor.

19
Q

Most common gynecologic malignancy?

A

Endometrial Carcinoma

20
Q

What is the peak occurrence of Endometrial Carcinoma?

A

Peak occurrence at 55–65 years old.

21
Q

How does Endometrial Carcinoma present?

A

Presents with vaginal bleeding.

22
Q

What chronic disorders increase risk for Endometrial carcinoma?

A

obesity, diabetes, hypertension

23
Q

What obstetric and gynecologic risk factors are there for Endometrial Carcinoma?

A

use of estrogen without progestins, nulliparity, late menopause

24
Q

What genetic syndrome increases risk for Endometrial Carcinoma?

A

Lynch syndrome

25
Q

What are some causes of endometritis? (4)

A

associated with retained products of conception following delivery, miscarriage, abortion, or with foreign body (eg, IUD).

26
Q

How does retained material in uterus promote infection?

A

Retained material in uterus promotes infection by bacterial ora from vagina or intestinal tract.

27
Q

How do you treat Endometritis?

A

gentamicin + clindamycin +/− ampicillin.

28
Q

Most common site for endometriosis?

A

most common sites are ovary (frequently bilateral)

29
Q

How does endometriosis present in ovaries?

A

In ovary, appears as endometrioma (blood- lled “chocolate cyst”).

30
Q

Theories on how Endometriosis occurs? (3)

A

May be due to retrograde flow
metaplastic transformation of multipotent cells
transportation of endometrial tissue via lymphatic system.

31
Q

What is Characterized by cyclic pelvic pain, bleeding, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia (pain with defecation), infertility?

A

Endometriosis

32
Q

What is the size of the uterus in Endometriosis?

A

normal

33
Q

Treatment for Endometriosis?

A

NSAIDs, OCPs, progestins, GnRH agonists, danazol, laparoscopic removal.

First Aid Reproductive Chapter (13 decks)

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