Pathology- Cancer

Question 1

Nonlethal genetic damage or mutation causes

Answer 1

-due to environmental exposure;
viruses, chemicals, products of metabolism
-inherited in germline
-spontaneous or random

Question 2

How does Nonlethal genetic damage or mutation occur

Answer 2

clonal expansion of a single cell → all cells within an neoplasm share the same set of mutations

Question 3

Malignancy is related to

Answer 3

regulatory genes

Question 4

.Proto-oncogenes becomes mutated into

Answer 4

Oncogenes

Question 5

When Proto-oncogenes are mutated it causes

Answer 5

A new function

Question 6

What are the 4 regulatory genes

Answer 6

Proto-oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes

Apoptosis regulating genes

Genes involved in DNA repair

Question 7

Tumor suppressor genes mutation causes

Answer 7

loss-of-function,

Question 8

Apoptosis regulating genes mutations cause

Answer 8

loss of function promote apoptosis

Question 9

Genes involved in DNA repair mutations cause

Answer 9

loss-of-function mutations, no repair. Effect is indirect