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Year 1 Cardiology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Any disease of the cardiac muscle that result in some change in heart size

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2
Q

What are the three types?

A

Dilated , thickened, restrictive

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3
Q

What occurs in dilated?

A

Heart is 2,3x larger but weighs the same, with no histological differences

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4
Q

What can cause dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

50% is genetic but also toxins such as alcohol, or iatrogenic due to certain chemotherapy

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5
Q

Effects of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Poor exercise tolerance, SOB, fainting, leg swelling, palpitations

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6
Q

What occurs in thickened cardiomyopathy

A

Big thickened walls , bulging interventricular septum, aortic outflow obstruction, diastolic dysfunction, but strong systolic, abnormal histology disorganised swirls in the myofibrils

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7
Q

Causes of thickened cardiomyopathy

A

Majority is genetic defects in myosin or tropomyosin, some environmental, sporty athletes etc

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8
Q

Effects of thickened cardiomyopathy

A

Sudden death

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9
Q

What occurs in restricted cardiomyopathy

A

Lack of compliance, diastolic dysfunction as doesn’t fill properly, can look normal

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10
Q

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Deposition of something on walls of the heart, e.g. metabolic by product iron, cancer, radiation sarcoidosis amyloidosis

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11
Q

What is amyloidosis

A

deposition of the protein amyloid which can’t be broken down by the body, this is systemic so occurs in kidneys etc

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12
Q

How to identify amyloid deposition?

A

Stains congo red, or in polarised light apple green, waxy pink material in normal staining

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13
Q

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

A

The wall of the right ventricle is replaced with adipose tissue

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14
Q

Effects of ARVD?

A

Fainting arrhythmias sudden death raised jvp

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15
Q

Causes of ARVD?

A

Genetic autosomal dominant, but with very low penetrance so very few people with the gene have phenotypic expression

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16
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflamation of the myocardium

17
Q

Infectious Myocarditis causes

A

Most are viral Coxsackie A and B, Echo Virus

Bacterial limes disease

18
Q

Infectious Myocarditis effect

A

Thickened beefy red myocardium, lots of lymphocytes in tissue

19
Q

Non infectious Myocarditis

A

Hypersensitivity to infection
Rheumatic fever- myocytes are mistaken by the body for an infectio due to antigens
Drug eosinophilic myocarditis

20
Q

Rheumatic fever effect

A

Mitral stenosis- thickening and fusion of the valves
Short thick chord tendinae
Myocardium patchy inflamed sections
Aschoff bodies- areas of granulomas scaring

21
Q

Causes of pericarditis

A 
Infection- usually viral Echo, pneumonia or TB can occur
Idiopathic
Uraemic- Kidney failure
Post MI
Connective tissue disorder
22
Q

Effect

A

Uraemic etc sticks layers together restricting and slowly strangling the heart
Cardiac tamponade due to acute inflammation build up of fluid

23
Q

Endocarditis

A

Heart lining and valve

24
Q

Causes of infective endocarditis

A

If healthy valves has to be a very virulent organism, IV drug abuse septicaemia
If pre existing fault e.g surgery rheumatic fever, less virulent can cause infection

25
Q

What occurs in infective endocarditis

A

Vegetations of the organism build up on the valves preventing proper opening and closing of the valves as cause acute inflammation damaging the valves

26
Q

Dangers of endocarditis

A

Vegetations can break of and emboli causing strokes MI renal failure etc

27
Q

Symptoms of infective endocarditis

A

Swinging fever, splinter haemorrhaging, roth spots in the eyes, septicaemia, clubbing

28
Q

Causes of non infective endocarditis

A

Carcinoid heart disease, tumours

29
Q

Carcinoid heart disease

A

Neoplasm of neuroendocrine cells, excess serotonin histamine bradykinin usually right sided

30
Q

Tumours in the heart

A

Very rare as myocytes are end stage differentiated mitosis doesn’t occur under normal circumstances
Most common is atrial myxoma

31
Q

Atrial Myxoma

A

Non cancerous tumour in left atria, causes emboli and can block mitral valve

32
Q

What causes more common tumours in the heart

A

Metastises from other areas

Year 1 Cardiology (17 decks)

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