Pathology Flashcards by Charlotte Sandberg

eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nucleus

apoptotic cell

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DNA laddering

fragments in multiples of 180 base pairs

signals apoptosis

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karyorrhexis

fragmentation of internucleosomal regions

signals apoptosis

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types of apoptosis

intrinsic (mt) and extrinsic

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BAX/BAK and Bcl-2

intrinsic proapoptotic and antiapoptotic

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APAF-1 pathway

cytochrome C - caspase 9 - cascade to apoptosis

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Bcl-2 binds

cytochrome C

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Fas is

CD95 causing extrinsic apoptosis

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increased cytoplasmic binding of acidophilic dyes

coagulation necrosis

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when do you see coagulation necrosis?

ischemia

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when do you see liquefactive necrosis?

bacterial abscess, brain infarct

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when do you see caseous necrosis?

TB, fungi

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fragmented cells and debris surrounded by lymphocytes and mpgs

caseous necrosis

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when do you see fat necrosis?

acute pancreatitis, trauma

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dark blue H&E staining cells, outlines of cells

fat necrosis

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when do you see fibrinoid necrosis?

vessel immune reactions

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what are the types of gangrene? and the types of necrosis?

dry - ischemia - coagulative

wet - superinfection - liquefaction superimposed on coagulative

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where in the colon is vulnerable to ischemia?

splenic flexure, rectum

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where in the kidney is vulnerable to ischemia?

straight segment of proximal tubule, thick ascending limb

both in the medulla

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what cells in the brain are most vulnerable to ischemia?

purkinje cells in cerebellum

pyramidal cells of hippocampus and neocortex

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what do red infarcts suggest?

reperfusion injury from free radicals

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chromatolysis

neuronal cell body reaction to axonal injury

increased protein synthesis

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dystrophic calcification

Ca deposits in abnormal tissues from injury/necrosis

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metastatic calcification

widespread Ca deposits in normal tissue secondary to hypercalcemia

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What are the factors released in extravasation?

``` selections, Gly-CAM, CD34 ICAM, VCAM PECAM C5a, IL-8, LTB4, kallikrein, PAF selection GIVs People chances ```

scar strength

70-80% of original, after 3 months

hypertrophic scarring

parallel collagen, on original boarders of wound

vascular remodeling, smooth muscle migration, fibroblast stimulation

PDGF

angiogenesis

FGF, VEGF, TGF-B

cell growth via tyrosine kinase

EGF

angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell cycle arrest

TGF-B

tissue remodelling

metalloproteinases

wound healing collagen | wound remodelling collagen

type III | then replaced by type I

what is found in granulomatous disease?

IFN-gamma from Th1 cells, TNF-a from mpgs

bacteria causing granulomas

mycobacteria, bartonella, listeria, treponema

fluid SpG >1.020

exudate (thick, infective)

decreased ESR

sickle cell, polycythemia, HF, microcytosis, hypofibrinogenemia

amyloidosis

abnormal aggregation of proteins into B pleated sheets

congo red stain | apple green birefringence with polarised light

amyloid

AL - primary due to

Ig light chain deposition

AA - secondary due to

chronic inflammatory conditions - fibrils have serum amyloid A

B2-microglobulin fibrils

dialysis-related amyloidosis

transthyretin gene mutation

heritable amyloidosis

age-related amyloidosis caused by, found in

deposition of transthyretin in cardiac ventricles

brain amyloid

Alzheimer's

IAPP

islet amyloid polypeptide- DMT2

tumour grade

degree of differentiation + mitotic activity

carcinoma

epithelial

sarcoma

mesemchymal

harmatoma

overgrowth of tissue in native location - benign

choristoma

normal tissue in foreign location

adenoma, papilloma

benign epithelial

hemangioma | angiosarcoma

benign blood vessel | malignant blood vessel

leiomyoma

smooth muscle

fibroma

connective tissue

melanoma

melanocyte

order of skin cancer type prevelance

basal > squamous >> melanoma

acanthosis nigricans is associated with

hyperpigmented velvety plaques in axilla and neck | gastric adenocarcinoma, obesity, insulin resistance

sign of leser-trelat | associated with

sudden seborrheic keratoses | GI adenocarcinoma

PTHrP associated with

squamous CC lung, head, neck; renal, bladder, breast, ovary carcinoma, lymphoma

cushing syndrome associated with

small cell

SIADH associated with

small cell

polycythemia associated with

renal cell carcinoma, HCC, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, leiomyoma

thyoma associated with

Good syndrome, Pure red cell aplasia, Myasthenia gravis

adenocarcinomas (especially pancreas) associated with

trosseau syndrome, nonbacterial thombotic endocarditis

trosseau syndrome

migratory superficial thrombophlebitis

anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with

ovarian teratoma

opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome associated with

neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer

paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with

small cell lung cancer, gynae and breast, hodgkin's

paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis associated with

small cell lung cancer

Lambert-Eaton associated with

small cell lung cancer

ALK oncogene

receptor tyrosine kinase | lung adenocarcinoma

BRC-ABL

tyrosine kinase | CML, ALL

BCL-2

antiapoptotic | follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphoma

BRAF

serine/threonin kinase | melanoma, NHL

c-KIT

cytokine R | GIST

c-MYC

TF | Burkitt's

HER-2

tyrosine kinase | breast and gastric

JAK2

tyrosine kinase | CMLs

KRAS

GTPase | colon, lung, pancreas

MYCL1

TF | Lung

MYCN

TF | neuroblastoma

RET

Tyrosine kinase | MEN 2, medullary thyroid cancer

CDKN2A

melanoma, pancreatic cancer

DCC

colon cancer

DPC4/SMAD4

pancreatic cancer

PTEN

breast, prostate, endometrial

osteoscarcoma, retinoblastoma

TP53

most cancers | Li-Fraumeni

TSC

tuberous sclerosis

alkylating agents

leukaemia/lymphoma

aflatoxins (aspergillus)

HCC

arsenic

angiosarcoma, lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma

carbon tetrachloride

centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

nitrosamines (smoked food)

gastric cancer

radon gas

lung cancer

vinyl chloride

angiosarcoma - liver

psammoma bodies

papillary carcinoma of thyroid serous papillary cystadenocarinoma of ovary meningioma malignant mesothelioma

a-FP

HCC, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac tumour, mixed germ cell tumour

high fetal AFP | low

neural tube/ abdo wall defect | Downs syndrome

b-hCG

hyatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumours

CA15-3, CA 27-29

breast

CA 19-9

pancreas

CA 125

ovarian

Calcitonin

medullary thyroid cancer

CEA

colorectal, pancreatic | gastric, breast, medullary thyroid

p-glycoprotein

adrenal cell carcinoma

brain mets

lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

how do most carcinomas spread?

lymph