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Step 1 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nucleus

A

apoptotic cell

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2
Q

DNA laddering

A

fragments in multiples of 180 base pairs

signals apoptosis

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3
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of internucleosomal regions

signals apoptosis

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4
Q

types of apoptosis

A

intrinsic (mt) and extrinsic

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5
Q

BAX/BAK and Bcl-2

A

intrinsic proapoptotic and antiapoptotic

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6
Q

APAF-1 pathway

A

cytochrome C - caspase 9 - cascade to apoptosis

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7
Q

Bcl-2 binds

A

cytochrome C

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8
Q

Fas is

A

CD95 causing extrinsic apoptosis

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9
Q

increased cytoplasmic binding of acidophilic dyes

A

coagulation necrosis

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10
Q

when do you see coagulation necrosis?

A

ischemia

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11
Q

when do you see liquefactive necrosis?

A

bacterial abscess, brain infarct

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12
Q

when do you see caseous necrosis?

A

TB, fungi

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13
Q

fragmented cells and debris surrounded by lymphocytes and mpgs

A

caseous necrosis

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14
Q

when do you see fat necrosis?

A

acute pancreatitis, trauma

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15
Q

dark blue H&E staining cells, outlines of cells

A

fat necrosis

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16
Q

when do you see fibrinoid necrosis?

A

vessel immune reactions

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17
Q

what are the types of gangrene? and the types of necrosis?

A

dry - ischemia - coagulative

wet - superinfection - liquefaction superimposed on coagulative

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18
Q

where in the colon is vulnerable to ischemia?

A

splenic flexure, rectum

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19
Q

where in the kidney is vulnerable to ischemia?

A

straight segment of proximal tubule, thick ascending limb

both in the medulla

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20
Q

what cells in the brain are most vulnerable to ischemia?

A

purkinje cells in cerebellum

pyramidal cells of hippocampus and neocortex

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21
Q

what do red infarcts suggest?

A

reperfusion injury from free radicals

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22
Q

chromatolysis

A

neuronal cell body reaction to axonal injury

increased protein synthesis

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23
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

Ca deposits in abnormal tissues from injury/necrosis

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24
Q

metastatic calcification

A

widespread Ca deposits in normal tissue secondary to hypercalcemia

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25
Q

What are the factors released in extravasation?

A 
selections, Gly-CAM, CD34
ICAM, VCAM
PECAM
C5a, IL-8, LTB4, kallikrein, PAF
selection GIVs People chances
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26
Q

scar strength

A

70-80% of original, after 3 months

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27
Q

hypertrophic scarring

A

parallel collagen, on original boarders of wound

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28
Q

vascular remodeling, smooth muscle migration, fibroblast stimulation

A

PDGF

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29
Q

angiogenesis

A

FGF, VEGF, TGF-B

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30
Q

cell growth via tyrosine kinase

A

EGF

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31
Q

angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell cycle arrest

A

TGF-B

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32
Q

tissue remodelling

A

metalloproteinases

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33
Q

wound healing collagen

wound remodelling collagen

A

type III

then replaced by type I

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34
Q

what is found in granulomatous disease?

A

IFN-gamma from Th1 cells, TNF-a from mpgs

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35
Q

bacteria causing granulomas

A

mycobacteria, bartonella, listeria, treponema

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36
Q

fluid SpG >1.020

A

exudate (thick, infective)

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37
Q

decreased ESR

A

sickle cell, polycythemia, HF, microcytosis, hypofibrinogenemia

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38
Q

amyloidosis

A

abnormal aggregation of proteins into B pleated sheets

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39
Q

congo red stain

apple green birefringence with polarised light

A

amyloid

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40
Q

AL - primary due to

A

Ig light chain deposition

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41
Q

AA - secondary due to

A

chronic inflammatory conditions - fibrils have serum amyloid A

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42
Q

B2-microglobulin fibrils

A

dialysis-related amyloidosis

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43
Q

transthyretin gene mutation

A

heritable amyloidosis

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44
Q

age-related amyloidosis caused by, found in

A

deposition of transthyretin in cardiac ventricles

45
Q

brain amyloid

A

Alzheimer’s

46
Q

IAPP

A

islet amyloid polypeptide- DMT2

47
Q

tumour grade

A

degree of differentiation + mitotic activity

48
Q

carcinoma

A

epithelial

49
Q

sarcoma

A

mesemchymal

50
Q

harmatoma

A

overgrowth of tissue in native location - benign

51
Q

choristoma

A

normal tissue in foreign location

52
Q

adenoma, papilloma

A

benign epithelial

53
Q

hemangioma

angiosarcoma

A

benign blood vessel

malignant blood vessel

54
Q

leiomyoma

A

smooth muscle

55
Q

fibroma

A

connective tissue

56
Q

melanoma

A

melanocyte

57
Q

order of skin cancer type prevelance

A

basal > squamous&raquo_space; melanoma

58
Q

acanthosis nigricans
is
associated with

A

hyperpigmented velvety plaques in axilla and neck

gastric adenocarcinoma, obesity, insulin resistance

59
Q

sign of leser-trelat

associated with

A

sudden seborrheic keratoses

GI adenocarcinoma

60
Q

PTHrP associated with

A

squamous CC lung, head, neck; renal, bladder, breast, ovary carcinoma, lymphoma

61
Q

cushing syndrome associated with

A

small cell

62
Q

SIADH associated with

A

small cell

63
Q

polycythemia associated with

A

renal cell carcinoma, HCC, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, leiomyoma

64
Q

thyoma associated with

A

Good syndrome, Pure red cell aplasia, Myasthenia gravis

65
Q

adenocarcinomas (especially pancreas) associated with

A

trosseau syndrome, nonbacterial thombotic endocarditis

66
Q

trosseau syndrome

A

migratory superficial thrombophlebitis

67
Q

anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with

A

ovarian teratoma

68
Q

opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome associated with

A

neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer

69
Q

paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with

A

small cell lung cancer, gynae and breast, hodgkin’s

70
Q

paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis associated with

A

small cell lung cancer

71
Q

Lambert-Eaton associated with

A

small cell lung cancer

72
Q

ALK oncogene

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

lung adenocarcinoma

73
Q

BRC-ABL

A

tyrosine kinase

CML, ALL

74
Q

BCL-2

A

antiapoptotic

follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphoma

75
Q

BRAF

A

serine/threonin kinase

melanoma, NHL

76
Q

c-KIT

A

cytokine R

GIST

77
Q

c-MYC

A

TF

Burkitt’s

78
Q

HER-2

A

tyrosine kinase

breast and gastric

79
Q

JAK2

A

tyrosine kinase

CMLs

80
Q

KRAS

A

GTPase

colon, lung, pancreas

81
Q

MYCL1

A

TF

Lung

82
Q

MYCN

A

TF

neuroblastoma

83
Q

RET

A

Tyrosine kinase

MEN 2, medullary thyroid cancer

84
Q

CDKN2A

A

melanoma, pancreatic cancer

85
Q

DCC

A

colon cancer

86
Q

DPC4/SMAD4

A

pancreatic cancer

87
Q

PTEN

A

breast, prostate, endometrial

88
Q

Rb

A

osteoscarcoma, retinoblastoma

89
Q

TP53

A

most cancers

Li-Fraumeni

90
Q

TSC

A

tuberous sclerosis

91
Q

alkylating agents

A

leukaemia/lymphoma

92
Q

aflatoxins (aspergillus)

A

HCC

93
Q

arsenic

A

angiosarcoma, lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma

94
Q

carbon tetrachloride

A

centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

95
Q

nitrosamines (smoked food)

A

gastric cancer

96
Q

radon gas

A

lung cancer

97
Q

vinyl chloride

A

angiosarcoma - liver

98
Q

psammoma bodies

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous papillary cystadenocarinoma of ovary
meningioma
malignant mesothelioma

99
Q

a-FP

A

HCC, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac tumour, mixed germ cell tumour

100
Q

high fetal AFP

low

A

neural tube/ abdo wall defect

Downs syndrome

101
Q

b-hCG

A

hyatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumours

102
Q

CA15-3, CA 27-29

A

breast

103
Q

CA 19-9

A

pancreas

104
Q

CA 125

A

ovarian

105
Q

Calcitonin

A

medullary thyroid cancer

106
Q

CEA

A

colorectal, pancreatic

gastric, breast, medullary thyroid

107
Q

p-glycoprotein

A

adrenal cell carcinoma

108
Q

brain mets

A

lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

109
Q

how do most carcinomas spread?

A

lymph

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