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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are pili made of?

A

gylcoprotein

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2
Q

what are spores made of?

A

keratin-like coat, peptidoglycan, dipicolinic acid

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3
Q

what do capsules protect against?

A

phagocytosis

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4
Q

what helps bacteria adhere to surfaces?

what is is made from?

A

glycocalyx

loose polysaccheride layer

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5
Q

where are endotoxins found? and give two examples

A

outer leaflet of outer membrane

LPS, LOS

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6
Q

what is in the inner leaflet of the outer membrane?

A

phospholipids

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7
Q

what is in the periplasm?

A

peptidoglycan (in g-ve)

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8
Q

lipoteichoic acid: found, does

A

g+ve, induces TNF and IL-1

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9
Q

which bacteria have no cell wall?

A

mycoplasma, ureaplasma

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10
Q

Pathogens which don’t stain well

A

Treponema, leptospira, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, legionella, rickettsia, chlamydia, bartonella, ehrlichia, anaplasma
Really Can’t TELL My Bacteria Apart

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11
Q

what is low in chlamydia’s peptidoglycn?

A

muramic acid

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12
Q

responsive to Giemsa stain

A

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

Certain Bugs Really Try My Patience

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13
Q

What does Periodic acid- Schiff staining stain?

A

glycogen

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14
Q

What does Ziehl-Neelsen stain

+ve result

A

mycolic acid in cell wall

nocardia, protozoa, cryptosporidium

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15
Q

India ink +ve

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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16
Q

Silver stain +ve

A

fungi, legionella, H.pylori

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17
Q

FTA-ABS

A

syphilis

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18
Q

Thayer-Martin agar for

what does it contain?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea, Neisseria meningitidis

Vancomycin, Trimethoprim, Colistin, Nystatin (Very Typically Cultures Neisseria)

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19
Q

MacConkey agar

A

pH indicator used for E.coli (Acid)
Enterobacter, klebsiella, serratia
macConKEES

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20
Q

Chocolate agar for, needs

A

H.influenzae

NAD and hematin

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21
Q

Bordet-Gengou agar for

contains

A

B pertussis

blood, charcoal, potato, antibiotic

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22
Q

Tellurite agar, Löffler medium

A

C. diptheriae (black colony)

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23
Q

Löwenstein-Jensen agar

A

M. tuberculosis

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24
Q

Eaton agar for, requires

A

M pneumoniae

Cholesterol

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25
Eosin-methylene blue agar for, +ve =
E.coli, green metalic sheen
26
charcoal yeast agar for, buffers
Legionella | cysteine, iron
27
Sabouraud agar
Fungi
28
What abx are ineffective against anaerobes?
aminoglycosides
29
Obligate Intracellular bacteria
Rickettsia, chlamydia, coxiella
30
Faculative intracellular bacteria
Salmonella, neisseria (neutrophils), brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia pestis My Faculative Bugs Need Your SeLLs
31
encapsulated bacteria
Please SHINE my SKiS | Strep. pneumoniae, h.flu, N.meningitidis, E.coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, group b Strep
32
Urease positive organisms
Pee CHUNKSS | Proteus, cryptococcus, H pylori, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S epidermis, S saprophyticus
33
catalase
degrades H2O2 --> H2O + O2
34
catalase +ve organisms
Nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, e.coli, staph, serratia, B cepacia, H pylori Nice PLACES See Horrible Bubbles
35
yellow sulfur granules
actinomyces israeli
36
blue green pigment
p. aeruginosa | pyocyanin
37
red pigment
serratia marcescens
38
biofilm bacteria
s.Epidermis, Viridians streptococci, p.Aeruginosa, H.flu (uncapsulated) HAVE a biofilm
39
Protein A
binds Fc of IgG prevents opsonisation and phagocytosis s.Aureas
40
IgA protease
S pneumoniae, H flu (B), Neisseria | Respiratory*
41
M protein
prevents phagocytosis group A strep acute rhumatic fever
42
type III secretion system is, expressed by
delivery of toxin from bacteria to eukaryocyte | pseudomonas, salmonella, shigella, e.coli
43
ability to take up naked DNA known as, exhibited by
transformation | S pneumoniae, H flu, Neisseria
44
Hfr
plasmid being incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA
45
transposition
bit that can jump DNA from plasmid to chromosome
46
spore forming bacteria
bacillus anthraxus, cerus, clostrdium | 121 degreesC for 15 minutes
47
biochemistry of exotoxins
polypeptides
48
which types of toxins are worse?
exotoxins
49
what do endotoxins cause and how?
Fever, shock, DIC | induce TNF, IL-1, IL-6
50
typical bacteria producing endotoxins
g-ve rods
51
bacteria producing exotoxins
tetanus, botulism, diptheria
52
diptheria toxin
inactive EF-2
53
exotoxin A causes, produced by
inactive EF-2, superantigen | pseudomonas aeuriginosa, strep pyogenes
54
shiga toxin
inactivates 60S | removes adenine from rRNA
55
shiga-like toxin caused by
enterohemorrhagic e.coli
56
difference between shiga and shiga like toxin
shiga-like does not invade host cells
57
heat-labile toxin caused by, action
enterototoxigenic e.coli overactives cAMP in gut watery diarrhoea
58
heat-stable toxin caused by, action
enterotoxigenic e.coli | overactivates cGMP in gut
59
edema toxin caused by, does
anthrax | cAMP increase
60
cholera toxin
overactivates cAMP in gut
61
pertussis toxin
disables Gi and increases cAMP | stops phagocytosis
62
tetanospasmin
cleave SNARE, prevents inhibitory GABA release | spastic paralysis
63
botulinum toxin
cleave SNARE, prevents ACh stimulatory release | flaccid paralysis
64
alpha toxin from, does
clostridium prefringens | phospholipase degrading tissue - gas gangrene
65
double zone of hemolysis
gas gangrene - clostridium prefringens
66
streptolysin O from, does
s. pyogenes | degrades cell membranes
67
TSST-1 from does
S.aureas | superantigen - release of IL-1, IL-2, INF-y, TNF-a
68
what does endotoxin do?
mpg activation, complement activation, tissue factor activation (coagulation cascade)
69
novobiocin
saprophyticus is resistant
70
nacitracin
group B strep are resistant
71
partial reduction of Hb on agar without clearing
a-hemolytic
72
prolonged nasal packing, AST, ALT, bilirubin raised, fever
TSS - s.aureas
73
ate 2-6 hours ago, diarrhoea, emesis
s.aureas food poisoning
74
lancet shaped diplococci
strep pneumoniae
75
most common cause of meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis
strep pneumoniae
76
rusty sputum
strep pneumoniae
77
sepsis + sickle cell splenectomy
strep pneumoniae
78
second most common female UTI organism
staph saphrophticus
79
viridians strep cause
dental caries (mutans, mitis), subacute IE (sanguinis)
80
pyrrolidonyl arylamidase positive
strep pyogenes
81
recent strep pyogenes infection
ASO titre
82
baby infections
group B strep
83
CAMP factor
group B strep
84
hippurate +ve PYR-ve
group B strep
85
strep gallolyticus
s bovis type I
86
d-glutamate
anthraxus
87
ulcer with black eschar
cutaneous anthrax
88
woolsorter's disease
anthrax
89
d&v 1-5 hrs, GI pain 8-18hrs
bacillus cerus
90
botulinum injestion from
preformed toxin, honey
91
c diff toxins
A - binds brush boarder | B - actin depolymerisation
92
RF c diff
clindamycin, ampicillin, PPI use
93
Rx c diff
metronidazole, vancomycin
94
pseudomembranous pharyngitis, see, caused by
greyish white membrane, c.diptheriae
95
blue and red granules
c.diptheriae
96
elek test +ve
c. diptheriae
97
unpasturized dairy, cold deli meat: specifically careful
listeria | crosses placenta
98
rocket tails
listeria monocytogens
99
nocardia found in | Rx
soil | sulfonamides
100
mimic of TB
Nocardia
101
false negative PPD in TB
sarcoidosis
102
Langerhans giant cells
secondary TB
103
mycobacterium avium found in, Rx
AIDS | azithromycin
104
mycobacterium scrofluaceum causes
cervical lymphadenitis in children
105
what stops phagocytes in TB?
sulfatides
106
lepromatous disease
communicable, diffuse, low cell mediated defense, Th2 response dangerous one
107
tuberculoid leprosy disease
hairless skin plaques, Th1 response
108
Rx leprosy
dapsone + rifampicin + clofazimine (lepromatous)
109
maltose fermentation
meningococci
110
fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome caused by
gonococci
111
Rx gonococci
erythromycin
112
Rx meningococci
ceftriaxone, penicillin
113
H flu causes
epiglottitis, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia
114
Rx legionella
macrolide, quinolone
115
pontiac fever: features, from
mild flu-like; legionella
116
Pseudomonas is associated with
Pneumonia, Sepsis, Ecthyma gangernosum, UTIs, Diabetes, Osteomyelitis, Mucoid polysaccheride capsule, Otitis externa, Nosocomial infection, exotoxin A, Skin infection
117
hot tub folliculitis
pseudomonas
118
Rx pseudomonas
``` CAMPFIRE Carbapenems Aminoglycosides Monobactams Polymyxins Fluroquinolones trIRd and 4th generation cephalosporins Extended-spectrum penicillins ```
119
immunocompromised, rapidly spreading necrotic lesion
ecthyma gangrenosum
120
EIEC
invasive dysentery
121
ETEC
Travelers' diarrhoea
122
EPEC
pediatric diarrhoea
123
EHEC
hemorrhage, hamburgers, HUS
124
currant jelly sputum
klebsiella
125
4 A's of klebsiella
Aspiration pneumoniae, abscess in lung and liver, Alcoholics, diAbetics
126
bloody diarrhoea
campylobacter
127
invade via M cells of Peyer's patches
salmonella, shigella
128
pet faeces, contaminated milk or pork
yersinia
129
Rx H pylori
amoxicillin, clarythromycin, PPI
130
spirochetes
borrelia, leptospira, treponema
131
flu like, jaundice, photophobia, drank stream water, surfing in Hawaii
leptospirosis | stream water has animal urine
132
Weil disease
leptospira - severe
133
borrelia burgadorferi
Lyme disease
134
where is lyme disease found?
mice
135
features of lyme disease
``` FACE facial nerve palsy arthritis cardiac block erythema migrans ```
136
treponema pallidum
syphilis
137
maculopapular rash, condylomata lata, lymphadenopathy, patchy hair loss
secondary syphilis
138
gummas - are, seen in
chronic granulomas, tertiary syphilis
139
baby: deaf, notched teeth, linear scars at mouth angle, saddle nose
syphilis
140
false positive VDRL
Viral infection (EBV, hepatitis) Drugs RF Lupus and leprosy
141
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
flu like syndrome after abx due to killed bacteria releasing toxins
142
anaplasma spp.
ixodes ticks
143
borrelia recurrentis
louse
144
coxiella burnetti
cattle, sheep
145
ehrlichia chaffeensis
amblyomma (Lone star tick)
146
farncisella tularensis
ticks, rabbits, deer flies
147
pasteurella multocida causes, transmitted by
cellulitis, osteomyelitis | cat/ dog bite
148
rickettsia prowazekii causes, transmitted by
thypus, human lice
149
rickettsia rickettsii causes, transmitted by
``` rocky mountain spotted fever dog tick (dermacentor) ```
150
rickettsia typhi
fleas
151
salmonella spp
reptiles, poultry
152
yersinia pestis causes, transmitted by
plague, fleas
153
gardnerella vaginalis causes, Rx
bacterial vaginosis | metronidazole, clindamycin
154
Rx rickettsia/ vector disease
doxycycline
155
north carolina, rash on wrists and ankles
rocky moutain spotted fever
156
truncal rash, spreading out
typhus
157
mulberry inclusions in cytoplasm of monocytes
ehrlichoiosis
158
granulocytes with morulae
anaplasmosis
159
Rx chlamydia
azithromycin or doxycycline
160
chlamydia trachomatis A, B, C
chronic, blindness (africa)
161
chlamydia trachomatis D-K
urethritis/PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia
162
chlamydia trachomatis L1, L2, L3: causes, Rx
STI symptoms | doxycycline
163
Local fungal infection
fluconazole | itraconazole
164
systemic fungal infection
amphotericin B
165
where are histoplasma found?
inside mpgs
166
histoplasmosis from
bird or bat droppings
167
where is histoplasmosis found?
mississippi and ohio river valleys
168
fungal infection cause inflammatory lung disease
blastomycosis
169
broad-base budding | what does it form?
blastomycosis | granulomatous nodules
170
where do you find blastomycosis?
eastern US | Central america
171
where can blastomycosis disseminate to?
bone and skin
172
where do you find coccidioidomycosis?
southwestern US - think deserts
173
what does coccidioidomycosis cause? | transmission
pneumonia, meningitis | dust particles - think deserts
174
erythema nodosum, arthralgia, hiking in arizona
coccidiodomycosis
175
paracoccidioidomycosis found in
Latin america
176
budding yeast with captain's wheel formation
paracoccidioidomycosis
177
branching spetate hyphae on KOH
tinea
178
t.capitis
scalp
179
t.corporis
ringworm - can have central clearing
180
t.cruris
inguinal, no central clearing
181
t.pedis types
interdigital moccasin vesicular
182
t.unguium
nails
183
malassezia spp.
t.versicolor (pityriasis)
184
spghetti and meatballs on microscopy
malassezia spp. - t.versicolor
185
dimorphic pseudohyphae and budding - 20C | germ tubes 37C
candida
186
Rx vaginal candida
topical azole
187
Rx oral/oesophageal candida
nystatin, fluconazole, capsofungin
188
systemic candida
fluconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B
189
septate hyphae branching at an acute angle
aspergillus
190
conidia in radiating chains at end of conidiophore
aspergillus
191
toxins from aspergillus + association
aflatoxins | hepatocellular carcinoma
192
5-10um, narrow budding (looks like a dandilion)
cryptococcus neoformans
193
cryptococcus found in, transmission
soil, pidgeon droppings | inhaled
194
sabouraud agar
cryptococcus
195
latex agglutination, india ink clear halo, mucucarmine stain
cryptococcus
196
soap bubble lesions in brain
cryptococcus
197
irregular, broat nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles
mucor and rhizopus spp
198
who gets mucormycosis?
DKA, neutropenics
199
where does mucor spp proliferate?
vessel walls
200
headache, facial pain, black necrotic eschar on face
mucormycosis
201
Rx mucormycosis
amphotericin B, surgical debridement
202
bilateral ground glass on CXR
p.jirovecii
203
disc shaped yeast on methenamine silver stain
p.jirovecii
204
Rx p.jirovecci
pentamidine, dapsone, atovaquone, TMP-SMX
205
dimorphic, cigar-shaped budding yeast, branching hyphae, rosettes of conidia
sporothrix schenckii - sporotrichosis
206
Rx sporotrichosis
itraconazole, potassium iodide
207
Multinucleated trophozoites or cysts in fatty stools
Giardia
208
Rx giardia
metronidazole
209
entamoeba histolytica
amebiasis
210
anchovy paste liver abscess flask shaped ulcer is, other symptoms
amebiasis | bloody diarrhoea
211
trophozoites/ cysts with up to 4 nuclei in stool
amebiasis
212
Rx amebiasis
metronidazole, iodoquinol (for asymptomatic)
213
severe diarrhoea in AIDS
cryptosporidium
214
oocysts on acid-fast stain
cryptosporidium
215
Rx cryptosporidium
nitazoxanide (immunocompetent only)
216
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
toxoplasmosa gondii
217
ring enhancing lesions on MRI
toxoplasmosa gondii
218
Rx toxoplasmosa gondii
sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
219
meningioencephalitis - protozoa
naegleria fowleri
220
swimming in freshwater lake - encephalitis
naegleria fowleri
221
trypanosoma brucei | Rx
african sleeping sickness suramin - blood melarsoprol - CNS
222
maltese cross
babesia
223
Rx babesia
atovaquone + azithromycin
224
fever + hemolytic anaemia + tick bite is what US are?
babesiosis | northeastern
225
Fever pattern malaeriae vivax/ovale falciparum
72 hours 48 hours irregular
226
trophozoite ring in RBC
malaria
227
Schuffner stippling
malaria vivax/ovale
228
mechanism chloroquine malaria
blocks plasmodium heme polymerase
229
vivax/ovale Rx
add primaquine for hypnozoites
230
trypanosoma cruzi
chagas disease
231
dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus
chagas
232
Romaña sign
unilateral periorbital swelling - Chagas
233
Reduviid bug
chagas
234
Rx chagas
benznidazole, nifurtimox
235
types of leishmeniasis
visceral - spiking fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia | cutaneous - skin ulcers
236
leishmeniasis vector
sandfly
237
mpg containing amastigotes
leishmeniasis
238
Rx leishmeniasis
amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate
239
strawberry cervix
trichomonas vaginalis
240
Rx vaginitis
metronidazole
241
Ingested nematodes
Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella | EATT
242
Cutaneous nematodes
Strongyloides (threadworm), Ancylostoma (hookworm), Necator | SANd
243
Bite nematodes
Loa loa, Onchocerca colvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti | LOW
244
type I eosinophil reaction to helminths
neutralisation of histamine and leukotrienes
245
type II eosinophil reaction to helminths
IgE attach and release cytotoxins
246
Rx intestinal nematodes
Bendazoles
247
hookworm Rx
bendazoles, pyrantel pamoate
248
nematode mimicing peptic ulcer
threadworm
249
anaemia, foot rash, walked on beach
hookworm
250
fever, vomiting, nausea, periorbital edema, myalgia, undercooked meat
trichinella spiralis
251
toxocara canis affects
heart, liver, CNS
252
myocarditis, seizure
toxocara canis
253
river blindness caused by, vector | Rx
onchocerca volvulus blackfly ivermectin
254
conjunctival worm also see, called, from
swelling in skin, deer/horse/mango fly, Loa loa
255
Rx Loa loa
diethylcarbamazine
256
Rx wuchereria
diethylcarbamazine
257
Rx tapeworm | in CNS
praziquantel | add albendazole
258
megaloblastic anaemia, raw freshwater fish
diphyllobothrium latum
259
Rx diphyllobothrium latum
Praziquantel
260
dog faeces, hydatid cysts in liver
echinococcus granulosus
261
types of schistosoma
lateral spine - mansoni | terminal spine - haematobium
262
chronic schistomiasis
squamous cell carcinoma of bladder | pulmonary htn
263
Rx schistomiasis
praziquantel
264
pigmented gallstones + biliary inflammation | from
clonorchis sinensis | undercooked fish
265
Rx clonorchis sinensis
Praziquantel
266
microcytic anaemia
ancylostoma, necator
267
enterobius vermicularis
pinworm
268
where do scabies live?
stratum corneum
269
transmission of scabies
fomites
270
Rx scabies
permethrin cream
271
what can lice transmit?
rickettsia prowazekii (typhus), borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever), bartonella quintana (trench fever)
272
Rx lice
pyrethroids, malathion, ivermectin lotion
273
recombination
exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of base sequences
274
reassortment
viruses with segmented genomes exchanging genetic material
275
complementation
one virus supports another (HBV and HDV)
276
Phenotypic mixing
simultaneous infection with 2 viruses - one virus coats another
277
subunit vaccines
HBV, HPV
278
killed vaccines
rabies, influenza, polio, HAV
279
live attenuated vaccines
smallpox, yellow fever, rotavirus, chickenpox, sabin polio, MMR, influenza (nasal)
280
why is parvovirus different?
only DNA virus which isn't double stranded
281
which DNA viruses are circular?
papilloma, polyoma, hepadnavirus
282
Which is the only ssRNA virus?
reoviridae
283
what are the positive stranded RNA viruses?
Retro, toga, flavi, corona, hepe, calici, picorna | I went to a retro toga party where I drank flavoured corona and hippi california pickles
284
which naked virus genomes are infective?
dsDNA, +ve strand ssRNA
285
which naked virus genomes are not infective?
-ve ssRNA, dsRNA
286
where does the poxvirus replicate?
cytoplasm
287
where do influenza and retroviruses replicate?
nucleus
288
where does herpesviruses envelope come from
nuclear membrane
289
where do envelopes generally come from?
plasma membrane
290
which viruses are naked?
papilloma, adenovirus, parvovirus, polyomavirus, calcicivirus, picornavirus, reovirus, hepevirus naked Hippie CPR (RNA) Phone APP (DNA)
291
generally DNA virus shape
icosahedral
292
DNA viruses think
HAPPY (starting letters)
293
mollescum contagiosum
pox virus
294
acute hemorrhagic cystitis, febrile pharyngitis, pneumonia, pink eye
adenovirus
295
JC virus
polyomavirus
296
JC virus causes
kidney damage in transplant patients, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV
297
virus causing aplastic sickle cell crisis
parvovirus B19
298
virus causing hydrops fetalis
parvovirus B19
299
VZV is a form of ...virus | causes
human herpes virus 3 | chickenpox, shingles, encephalitis, pneumonia
300
which virus causes mono?
Epstein-Barr - human herpes-4
301
mono risk
splenic rupture
302
how does EBV infect cells?
CD21 on B cells | see reactive cytotoxic T cells
303
genital herpes
HSV-2
304
herpes viral meningitis
HSV-2
305
herpes virus sporadic encephalitis | affects
HSV-1 | temporal lobe
306
herpes conjunctivitis
HSV-1
307
high fever, diffuse maccular rash called, caused by
roseola infantum | HHV-6/7
308
herpes cancer
Kaposi sarcoma\HHV-8
309
Tzanck test for, see
multinucleated giant cells | HSV, VZV
310
CMV receptors
integrins (heparan sulfate)
311
Rabies receptors
Nicotinic AChR
312
Rhinovirus receptors
ICAM-1
313
HIV receptors
CD4, CXCR4, CCR5
314
capsid symmetry SS+ve linear RNA
icosahedral
315
ss-ve linear RNA
helical
316
calicivirus
norovirus
317
falvivirus
HCV, yellow fever, dengue, st.louis encephalitis, west nile virus
318
tagavirus
rubella, equine encephalitis
319
picornavirus
polio, echo, rhino, coxackie, HAV
320
retroviruses
HIV, HTLV
321
coronavirus
common cold, SARS, MERS
322
orthomyxociruses
influenza
323
paramyxoviruses
parainfluenza (croup), RSV, mesales, mumps
324
rhabdovirus
rabies
325
filovirus
ebola, marburg
326
arenaviruses
LCMV, lassa fever encehpalitis
327
bunyaviruses
california encephalitis, sandfly/rift valley fevers, cirmean-congo hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus
328
detla virus
HDV
329
negative strandad viruses
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication | Arena, Bunya, Paramyxo, orthomyxo, filo, rhabdo
330
segmented viruses
BOAR | Bunya, orthomyxo, arena, reo
331
RNA transplated into one long polypeptide which is cleaved
picornavirus
332
picornavirus spread
feco-oral apart from rhinovirus
333
black vomit, jaundice
yellow fevre
334
councilman bodies are, found in
eosinophilic apoptotic globules yellow fever hep A
335
acute diarrhoea, lots at nursery
rotavirus
336
diarrhoea, low K and low Na
rotavirus
337
8-segment genome
influenza
338
genetic shift
pandemics | resorts genomic segments
339
genetic drift
epidemic random mutations in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase genes
340
confluent rash starting on face, fever, post auricular arthralgia
Rubella
341
blueberry muffin
Congenital rubella toxoplasma gondii cytomegalovirus
342
seal-like cough, inspiratory stridor, steeple sign on XR
croup
343
plaivizumab
paramyxovirus protein F
344
3 Cs of measles
Cough Coryza (rhinitis) Conjunctivitis
345
Koplik spots are
red spots with blue white centre in mouth | measles
346
Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells
measles
347
what can help with measles morbidity?
vitamin A
348
bullet-shaped virus, negri bodies
rabies virus
349
where are negri bodies foun?
purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampus
350
fever, agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia, hypersalivation
rabies
351
ebola target cells
endothelium, phagocytes, hepatocytes
352
incubation ebola
21 days
353
hepatitis virus families
Picorna, Hepadna, Fliavi, Delta, Hepadna | Please Have Fudge Donuts Here
354
transmission hepA-E
A, E - fecooral B - blood, baby making, birthing C - blood
355
hepatitis HCC risk
Hep C | B not as much
356
ground glass liver
HBV
357
lymphoid aggregates, macrovesicular steatosis
Hep C
358
Patchy necrosis
HEV
359
anti-HAV (IgG) | IgM
acute | prior/ vaccine
360
HBsAg | anti-HBsAg
infected | immune
361
HBcAg | anti-HBcAg
``` +IgM = acute/recent +IgG = prior exposure/chronic ```
362
HBeAg | anti-HBeAg
active replication and transmissible | low trnasmission
363
only anti-HBs
immunisation
364
gp120
attaches to CD$
365
gp41
fusion and entry
366
p24 + p17
capsid and matrix proteins
367
pol (HIV)
reverse transcriptase, aspartate protease, integrase
368
what mutation is protective in HIV?
CCR5
369
how to dgx HIV
rule out then rule in tests
370
when do you get false results in HIV test?
1-2 months after infection | babies just born, as will have mother's anti-gp120
371
prion disease
a helix --> b pleated sheet
372
what causes prion disease?
CJD BSE - animal meat Kuru - from cannibalism
373
what does prion disease cause?
spongiform encephalopathy, dementia, ataxia, death
374
reheated meat
c. prefringens
375
meat, mayo, custard
s. aureas
376
v. parahaemolyticus, v.vulnificus
contaminated seafood
377
Bloody diarrhoea
campylobacter, e.histolytica, EHec, EIec, salmonella, shigella, yersinia
378
Watery diarrhoea
c diff, c prefringens, ETec, protozoa, cholera, viruses
379
CF pneumonia
pseudomonas, s.aureas, s.pneumoniae, burkholderia cepacia
380
post viral pneumonia
s.pneumoniae, s.aureas, Hflu
381
top 2 causes of pneumonia in 18-40yrs
mycoplasma | chlamydiae pneumoniae
382
neonatal meningitis
group B strep, e coli, listeria
383
most common cause of meningitis
s.pneumoniae
384
most common cause of teenage meningitis
n.meningitidis
385
meningitis unimmunised child
haem. influenzae
386
CSF: low sugar, high protein, raised ICP, lymphocytes
fungal/TB
387
CSF: slightly high pressure, normal sugar, slightly high protein, lymphocytes
viral
388
brain abscess
viridians strep. | s.aureas
389
IVDU osteomyelitis
pseudomonas, candida, s.aureas
390
positive nitrite test
e.coli
391
urease positive urine
klebsiella, proteus
392
clue cells
bacterial vaginosis
393
infections crossing placenta
ToRCHeS Toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HIV, Herpes simplex 2, syphilis + strep. agalactiae, e.coli, listeria, B19 (think neonatal meningitis)
394
oval shaped vesilces on palms and soles, mouth ulcers
coxackie A - hand-foot-mouth
395
haemophilus ducreyi
chancroid
396
comdylomater acuminata
HPV 6 and 11
397
creamy purulent discharge, itis
gonorrhea
398
painless genital ulcers, painful lymphadenopathy
c trachomatis
399
PID caused by
chlamydia trachomatis, n.gonorrhoease, c trachomatis
400
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
PID --> liver capsule inflammation --> peritoneal adhesions
401
g-ves in surgical wounds
bacteroides, pervotella, fusobacterium
402
s.e. penicillins
direct coombs positive hemolytic anaemia
403
penicillinase resistant penicillins
dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin | the NOD of resistance
404
penicillin for pseudomonas
pipercillin, tacarcillin
405
B lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
406
what organisms are not covered by cephalosporins?
LAME | listeria, atypicals, MRSA, enterococci
407
1st gen ceph
cefazolin, cephalexin | Proteus, E coli, Klebsiella - PEcK
408
2nd gen ceph
cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime HENS PEcK H flu, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Serratic, proteus, e coli, klebsiella
409
3rd gen ceph
ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime
410
cefepime
4th gen ceph | pseudomonas
411
ceftaroline
5th gene | MRSA
412
s.e. cephalosporins
autoimmun hemolytic anaemia, disulfarim like, vK deficiency, cross reactive with penicillin, increases aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity
413
what do you give with imipenem and why?
cilastatin decreases drug activity in renal tubules
414
aztreonam syngery
aminoglycosides
415
gram negative rods
aztreonam
416
glycopeptides | mechanism
vancomycin, bacitracin | bind d-ala, stop peptidoglycan
417
drug if penicillin allergy
monobactams
418
red man syndrome
vancomycin
419
bind 30S
tetracyclines
420
renal failure abx
doxycycline (fecal elimination)
421
tetracyclines especially good for
intracellular (rickettsia, chlamydia)
422
blocks 50S
chloramphenicol, clindamycin, linezolid
423
anaerobes above diaphragm | below
clindamycin | metronidazole
424
macrolides | mechanism
mycin | 23S of 50S
425
macrolide s.e.
MACRO Motility, Arrhythmia (long QT), cholestatic hepatitis, Rash eOsinophilia inhibit P-450
426
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
trimethoprim
427
inhibits dihydropteroate synthase
sulfonamides, dapsone (folate)
428
s.e sulfonamides
displace drugs from albumin, G6DPH
429
-floxacin | mechanism
fluroquinolones | inhibit topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase)
430
daptomycin mechanism
disrupts cell membrane of gram +ve cocci
431
metronidazole mechanism
damages DNA
432
metallic taste
metronidazole
433
m avium-intracellulare prophylaxis
azithromycin, rifabutin
434
rifampicin
inhibits DNA RNA polymerase
435
s.e. rifampicin
stimulates p-450 (rifambutin less)
436
mechanism isoniazid
decreases mycolic acid synthesis
437
s.e. isoniazid
inhibits p-450, vB6 deficiency, SLE symptoms
438
blocks arabinosyltransferase
ethambutol
439
red-green colour blindness
ethambutol
440
streptomycin mechanism | s.e
30S | tinnitus, vertigo, ataxia, nephrotoxicity
441
binds ergosterol
amphotericin B, nystatin
442
inhibits DNA and RNA biosynthesis by conversion to 5-flurouracil
flucytosine
443
-azoles
inhibit ergosterol snythesis by inhibiting p-450
444
s.e. -azoles
gynecomastia, liver dysfuction
445
inhibits squalene epoxidase
terbinafine
446
-fungins
inhibit cell wall gynthesis (b-glucan)
447
interferes with microtubules
griseofulvin
448
toxoplasmosis
pyrimethamine
449
trypanosoma brucei
suramin, melarsoprol
450
t cruzi
nifurtimox
451
leishmaniasis
sodium stibogluconate
452
anti-mite Rx
permethrin, malathion, lindane
453
mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin, praziquantel, diethlycarbamazine
helminths
454
blocks heme detoxification
chloroquine
455
inhibit neuraminidase
oseltamivir, zanamivir
456
guanosine analogs
-cyclovir
457
foscarnet mechnism
DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitor in viruses | HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor
458
cidofovir mechanism
DNA polymerase (viral)
459
NRTIs are, endings
bind reverse transcriptase | -sine/dine, abacavir
460
NNRTIs
delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine
461
-navir
protease inhibitors
462
intergrase inhibitors
..tegravir
463
enfuvirtide, maraviroc
fusion inhibitors
464
HCV anti virals
ribavirin, sofosbuvir, simeprevir
465
embryotoxic
clarythromycin
466
cartilage damage
fluroquinolones
467
tetarogenic
ribavirin, griseofluvin

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