Neurology Flashcards
1
Q
when does notochord becomes nucleus pulposus?
A
day 18
2
Q
alar plate
basal plate
A
a - dorsal - sensory
b - ventral - motor
3
Q
what is in the hindbrain?
A
pons, cerebellum, medulla, 4th ventricle
4
Q
what does neural mesoderm become?
A
microglia (like mpgs)
5
Q
what do neural crest cells become?
A
PNS neurons, schwann cells
6
Q
high AFP in amniotic fluid and mothers blood
A
neural tube defect
7
Q
what is a helpgul confirmation test of neural tube defects?
A
high AChE in amniotic fluid
8
Q
spina bifida occult
what do you see?
A
failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no herniation
intact dura
tuft of hair and skin dimple in lower back
9
Q
meningocele
A
meninges herniate through bony defect
10
Q
meningomyelocele
A
meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect
11
Q
anencephaly
RF
A
no forebrain, open calvarium
DM1, low folate
12
Q
holoprosencephaly
may be an issue with
A
failure of hemispheres to seperate
sonic hedgehog pathway
13
Q
chiari II malformation
associated with
A
herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum –> hydrocephalus
meningomyelocele
14
Q
Dandy-Walker syndrome
Associated with
A
agenesis of cerebellar vermis
cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
non communicating hydrocephalus, spina bifida
15
Q
syringomyelia
A
cystic cavity in spinal cord affecting spinothalamic first
16
Q
cape like bilateral loss of pain and temperature
A
syringomyelia
17
Q
Chiari I malformation
see
A
cerebellar tonsillar ectopia
cerebellar symptoms, headache
18
Q
function genioglossus
A
sticks tongue out
19
Q
function hyoglossus
A
retracts and flattens tongue
20
Q
styloglossus function
A
curls tongue for swallowing
21
Q
extreme posterior innervation of tongue
A
X
22
Q
nissl staining stains
A
RER
23
Q
astrocytes
derived from
function
marker
A
neuroectoderm
repair, K metabolism, XS NT removal, BBB, glycogen fuel reverse buffer, reactive gliosis
GFAP
24
Q
HIV microglia
A
fuse forming multinucleated giant cells
25
Myelin
CNS
PNS
difference
oligodendrocytes - can myelinate < 30 axons
| schwann cells - only 1 axon
26
fried egg cell in CNS
| Injured in
oligodendrocyte
| MS, PML, leukodystrophies
27
C fibres
slow, unmyelinated
28
Ad fibres
fast, myelinated
29
free nerve endings
| function
C, Ad
| Pain, temperature
30
where are meissner corpuscles found?
| what do they sense?
hairless skin
| fine/light touch, position sense
31
where are pacinian corpuscles found?
| what do they sense?
deep skin, ligaments, joints
| vibration, pressure
32
where are merkel discs?
| what do they sense?
finger tips, superficial skin
| pressure, deep touch, position sense
33
where are ruffini corpsucles?
| what do they sense?
finger tips joints
| pressure, movement of objects, joint angle change
34
large, myelinated fibres adapting quickly
meissner, pacinian
35
large, myelinated fibres aadpting slowly
merkel discs
36
dendritic endings with capsule, adapting slowly
ruffini corpuscles
37
In GBS where is the inflammation?
endoneurium
38
where is ACh synthesised?
basal nucleus of meynert
39
when is DA decreased, increased
d - depression, parkinson's
| i - schizophrenia, huntingdon's
40
where is GABA made?
| when is GABA decreased?
nucleus acumbens
| anxiety, Huntingdon's
41
when is NE increased, decreased?
| made in
i - anxiety
d - depression
locus ceruleus
42
where is seratonin made?
raphe nucleus
43
what forms the BBB?
capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, astrocyte foot procesess
44
which areas don't have the BBB?
area postrema - medulla, responds to emetics
| OVLT
45
area postrema
medulla, responds to emetics
46
OVLT
organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
| senses change in osm
47
what does the supraoptic nucleus make?
| paraventricular
ADH
| oxytocin
48
lateral area of hypothalamus
hunger
| ghrelin and leptin
49
ventromedial hypothalamus
satiety
| leptin
50
craniopharyngioma affects
ventromedial hypothalamus
51
anterior hypothalamus
cooling, PANS
52
posterior hypothalamus
heating, SANS
53
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
circadian rhythm
54
circadian rhythm controls release of
ACTH, prolctin, melatonin, NE
55
how is melatonin released?
NE --> pineal gland
56
what causes REM sleep?
PPRF activity
| paramedian pontine reticular formation
57
What is increased in REM?
ACh
58
what decreases REM sleep?
alcohol, benzodiazapines, barbituates, NE
59
stages of sleep
at night BATS Drink Blood
| Beta, alpha, theta, sleep spindles and K complexes, Delta, Beta
60
light sleep
theta
| 5%
61
deeper sleep, bruxism
sleep spindles, K complexes
| 45%
62
deepest non-REM
delta
25%
sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting
63
REM
beta
25%
dreaming, loss of motor tone, brain increases O2 use
64
ventral postero-medial nucleus of thalamus
trigeminal and gustatory path
65
ventral posterio-lateral nucleus of thalamus
spinothalamic and dorsal/medial lemniscus
66
lateral geniculate nucleus
optic nerve
| calcarine sulcus
67
medial geniculate nucleus
superior olive and inferior coliculus of tectum
| hearing
68
ventral lateral nucleus
basal ganglia, cerebellum
| motor
69
what is the function of the limbic system?
emotion, long-term memory, olfaction, behaviour modulation, ANS function
The 5Fs - Feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, fornication (sex)
70
what is in the limbic system?
hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus
71
Dopaminergic pathways which decrease activity
mesocortical, nigrostriatal, tuberinfundibular
72
dopaminergic pathway increasing activity
mesolimbic
73
tuberoinfundibular area
libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia
74
mesolimbic area
delusion, hallucination
75
mesocortical area
flat effect
76
cerebellar input
middle cerebellar peduncle from contralateral cortex
| ipsilateral proprioceptive information via inferior peduncle
77
output of cerebellum
superior cerebellar peduncle
| contralateral cortex
78
nuclei of cerebellum (lateral to medial)
dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial
| Don't Eat Greasy Foods
79
lateral cerebellar lesions
voluntary movement of extremities
| ipsilateral
80
medial cerebellar lesions
midline structures, bilateral motor deficits
| axial and proximal limb
81
```
function of basal ganglia
stimulation
```
voluntary movement, postural adjustment
| cortex
82
striatum
putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)
83
lentiform
putamen (motor) + globus ballidus
84
excitation of basal ganglia
cortex --> striatum --> GABA --> inhibits Globus pallidus internus GABA --> disinhibits thalamus via the globus pallidus interna
85
inhibition of basal ganglia
cortex --> striatum --> GABA --> stops subthalamic nucleus via globus pallidus externa inhibition --> subthalamic nucleus stimulates globus pallidus interna to inhibit thalamus
86
DA on the basal ganglia
stimulates excitatory (D1) and inhibits inhibitory (D2)
87
athetosis is
| seen in
slow writhing movements - snake like
| Huntingdon's
88
chorea comes from
basal ganglia
89
dystonia
sustained involuntary muscle contraction
90
hemibalismus
may be +- ipsilateral leg
| contralateral subthalamic nucleus
91
myoclonus example
jerks, hiccups
92
a-synuclein
lewy bodies
| parkinson's
93
NMDA-R binding, glutamate excitotoxicity
Huntingdon's
94
what atrophies in huntingdon's?
caudate and putamen
95
Broca area
| part damaged
frontal lobe
| speech
96
wernicke's area
| part damaged
temporal lobe
| comprehension
97
conduction aphasia
can't repeat
| arcuate fasiculus
98
global aphasia
everything impaired
| arcuate fasciculus, broca and wenicke
99
transcortical motor aphasia
can't speak
| area around broca
100
transcortical sensory aphasia
can't comprehend
| area around Wernicke
101
transcortical mixed aphasia
trouble speaking and comprehending
| areas around structures damaged, structures themselves okay
102
Kulver-Bucy syndrome
causes
affecs
associated with
disinhibited behaviour
amygdala
HSV-1 encephalitis
103
frontal lobe lesion
disinhibition, deficits in concentration, orientation, judgement
primitive reflexes may reemerge
104
nondominant parietal cortex
hemispatial neglect syndrome
105
dominant parietal cortex
agraphia, acalculia, finger angosia, left-right disorientation
106
Gerstmann syndrome
dominant parietal cortex damage
107
damage to reticular activating system
reduced arousal and wakefluness - coma
108
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome affects
mammillary bodies
| B1
109
basal ganglia damage
tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis
110
subthalamic nucleus damage
contralateral hemiballism
111
hippocampal damage
anterograde amnesia
112
paramedian pontine reticular formation
eyes look away from lesion
113
frontal eye field damage
eyes look to lesion
114
what does cerebral perfusion rely on?
a pressure gradient between MAP and ICP
115
theraputic hyperventilation
| use
decreases CO2, vaoconstriction, decreasing cerebral blood flow and decreasing ICP
cerebral edema
116
When does hypoxemia increase CPP?
<50 mmHg
117
lacunar infarct from htn
lenticulo-striate artery
118
contralateral paralysis+-sensory, absense of cortical signs
lenticulo-striate artery
119
lower limb stroke signs
anterior cerebral artery
120
upper limb stroke signs with aphasia/hemineglect
middle cerebral artery
121
contralateral paralysis of upper and lower, proprioception decreased, tongue deviates ipsilaterally
anterior spinal artery
122
medial medullary syndrome
infect to paramedian branches of ASA and or vertebral arteries
123
anterior spinal artery supplies
lateral corticospinal, medial lemniscus, caudal medulla (hypoglossus)
124
hoarse, dysphagia, vertigo, decreased facial pain and temperature sensation ipsilateral, body contralateral, horner syndrome
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
125
facial paralysis, vertigo, no taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
126
vertical eye movement, quadraplegia, counscious
basilar artery stroke
127
hemianopia with macular sparing
posterior cerebral artery
128
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm
chronic htn
| affects small vessels which can't be seen on angio
129
ipsilateral CN III palsy --> mydriasis
posterior communicating artery
| blown pupil with ptosis and down and out eye
130
epidural hematoma
middle meningeal
| lucid interval
131
biconvex on CT
epidural
132
subdural due to
| CT
bridging vein rupture
| crescent shape
133
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
can be from reperfusion injury
| basal ganglia nd internal capsule
134
most vulnerable area to ischemia
hippocampus
135
reactive gliosis
1-2 weeks post ischemia
136
microglia
3-5 days post ischemia
137
signs of raised ICP
venous sinus thrombosis
138
foramen of monro
connects lateral and 3rd ventricles
139
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
140
4th ventricle has
foramine of luschka (lateral) and foramen of magendie (medial)
141
what is CSF made by?
ependymal cells of choroid plexus
142
Reabsorption of CSF
arachnoid granulations
143
RF idiopathic ICP
woman, vitamin A xs, danazol, tetracycline
144
communicating hydrocephalus
not being reabsorbed
145
normal pressure hydrocephalus
| triad
elderly from expansion of ventricles
| urinary incontinance, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction (wet, wobbly, wacky)
146
noncommunicating hydrocephalus
blockage of CSF circulation
147
ex vacuo ventriculomegaly
looks like raised CSF but from decrease in brain tissue
148
spinal cord ends
| adult
L1-L2
149
fasciculus gracilis
in dorsal column
| for lower body and legs (medial)
150
fasiculus cuneatus
in dorsal column
| upper body, arms (lateral)
151
dorsal column
pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception
152
spinothalamic column
pain temperature
| anterior - crude touch, pressure
153
spinal column tracts organisation
sacral lateral
| cervical medial
154
dorsal column decussation
| synapses
medulla
nucleus cutaneous/gracilis in medulla
thalamus
155
spinothalamic tract decussation
| synapses
anterior white commissure
ipsilateral grey matter
thalamus
156
lateral corticospinal decussation
| synapses
level of spinal cord
cell body of anterior horn
NMJ
157
atrophy, fasiculation
LMN
158
spastic paralysis
UMN
159
degeneration of anterior horns
causes
diseases
LMN - floppy baby
| poliomyelitis (asymmetric), Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (symmetric)
160
UMN + LMN, no bowel/bladder issue
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
161
what can amyotrophic lateral sclerosis be associated with?
superoxide dismutase 1 defect
162
asymmetric limb weakness, fasciculation, atrophy
is
Rx
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
| Riluzole
163
Upper thoracic issue, spares dorsal column
complete occlusion of anterior spinal artery
164
tertiary syphilis spinal cord
tabes dorsalis
| demyelination of dorsal column/roots
165
syringomyelia damages
anterior white commissure of spinothalamic tract
166
B12 deficiency affects which areas of the spinal column?
Spinocerebellr tract
lateral Corticospinal
Dorsal
SCD
167
Friedrich ataxia genetics
GAA
| AR on chr.9
168
Friedreich ataxia
kyphoscoliosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, staggering gait, frequent falling, hammer toes, diabetes
169
Brown-Sequard
ipsilateral UMN, dorsal damage
| contralateral pain and temperature loss
170
moro reflex
abduct arms when startled then draw together
171
rooting reflex
nipple seeking
172
galant reflex
stroking on one side of spine cause lateral flexion towards stimulated side
173
which CNs are medial?
III, IV, VI, XII
174
pineal gland
melatonin secretion, circadian rhythm
175
superior colliculi
conjugate vertical gaze centre
176
inferior colliculi
auditory
177
CNs in brain strem
I-IX - above Pons
V-VIII - in pons
IX-XII - are in medulla
178
CN nuclei
midbrain - III, IV
pons - V-VIII
medulla IX, X, XII
spinal cord XI
179
CN V exits
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
180
superior oblique
IV
181
lateral rectus
VI
182
dorsal motor nucleus
PANS fibres to heart, lung, upper GI - X
183
nucleus ambiguus
motor to pharynx, largyn, upper esophagus
| IX, X, XI
184
nucleus solitarius
visceral sensory
| VII, IX, X
185
V1 reflexes
corneal, lacrimation
186
V3 reflex
jaw jerk
187
gag reflex
IX and X (Efferent)
188
CN V lesions
jaw deviates towards
189
CN X lesion
uvula deviates away
190
CN IX lesion
weak turning away from lesion
| shoulder drop on side of lesion
191
CN XII lesion
tongue deviates towards LMN
192
which muscle opens the jaw?
lateral pterygoid
193
UMN face
contralateral
| forehead sparing
194
LMN face
ipsilateral
| loss of taste
195
forehead sensation lost, followed by other nerve palsies, opthalmoplegia
cavernous sinus syndrome
196
tonotopy
different frequencies lead to vibration at specific locations on basilar membrane
197
high frequency
| low frequency
base of cochlea
| heliocotrema
198
noise enduced hearing loss
stereociliated cells in organ of Corti
199
iris dilator and sphincter control
dilator - a1
| sphincter - M3
200
hyperopia
light focusses behind retina
201
myopia
focus in front of retina
202
presbyopia
age related impaired accommodation from decrease in lens elasticity
203
RF cataract
age, smoking, alcohol, sunlight, GC use, DM, trauma, infection, galactosemia, GK deficiency, trisomies, ToRCHeS infections, Marfans, alport syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, NF 2
204
disc cupping, peripheral vision loss
Glaucoma
205
secondary open angle glaucoma
post infection blocking trabecular meshwork
206
closed angle glaucoma
enlargement or forward movement of lens against central iris obstructing flow
207
uveitis may have
hypopion
208
anterior uveitis
intermediate
posterior
iritis
pars plantis
choroiditis/retinitits
209
wet macular degeneraton Rx
anti-VEGF injection
| ranibizumab
210
Rx diabetic retinopathy
photocoagulation, surgery, anti-VEGF
211
retinal detachment RF
myopia, trauma
212
retinitis pigmentosa
inherited retinal degeneration
| night blindness first
213
bone spicule shaped deposits around macula
retinitis pigmentosa
214
control of miosis
edinger-westphal nucleus --> ciliary ganglion --> pupillary sphincter
215
mydriasis area
ciliospinal centre of Budge
216
Marcus Gunn pupil
afferent pupillary defect - swinging light test
217
Horner syndrome associated with
lesion aboe T1
218
IV damage
eye moves upwards
| head tilt towards lesion
219
VI damage
eye medial
| cannot abduct
220
bilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia
MS
221
medial longitudinal fasciculus
| what you see
VI and III interplay so eyes move in the same direction
| abducting eye gets nystagmus, adducting eye is impaired
222
Alzheimers proteins
ApoE2 - protective for sporadic
Apo E4 - worse for sporadic
APP, presenilin, familial
223
neurofibrillary tangles, cortical atrophy
alzheimer's
224
personality, behaviour and speech change first dementia
frontotemporal
225
ubiquitinated TDP-43
frontotemporal dementia
226
lewy body dementia
hallucinations, parkinsonian features
227
CJD affects the
spongiform cortex and prions
228
central pontine myelinosis (osmotic demyelination syndrome)
| can cause
correcting Na too fast
| locked in syndrome, paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, LOC
229
scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
MS
230
Increased IgG, myelin basic protein in CSF, oligoclonal bands
MS
231
Rx MS spascitity
baclofen, GABAb R agonists
232
acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy
GBS
233
inflammation after vaccination or infection
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
234
charcot-marie-tooth
defective protein production in peripheral nerve myelin sheath
AD
235
krabbe disease
Lysosmal storage disease destroying myelin
236
galactocerebrosidase deficiency
| globoid cells
Krabbe disease
237
AIDS encephalopathy
| due to
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
| JC virus reactivation
238
complex partial seizure
impaired consciousness
239
absence seizure
no postictal state
240
tonic seizure
stiff
241
cluster versus tension
unilateral, bilateral
242
mutation of GNAQ gene
Sturge-Weber syndrome
243
Sturge-Weber characteristics
STURGE
| Sporadic, port wine Stain, Tram track calcifications, unilateral, retardation, glaucoma, GNAQ, Epilepsy
244
Tuberous sclerosis features
HARMATOMAS
Harmatomas, Angiofibromas, Mitral regurg, Ash-leaf spots, Rhabdomyoma of cardiac, T, ADominant, Mental retardation, angiomtolipoma (renal), Seizures, Shagreen patches
245
nail fibroma, seizure, pale skin patches, arryhthmia
tuberous sclerosis
246
NF-1 cafe au lait spots
in armpit and groin
247
bilateral renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma
VHL
248
butterfly tumour
glioblastoma
249
GFAP astrocytes
glioblastoma
250
meningioma
benign, arachnoid cells, dural tail
251
spindle cells in a whorled body with psammoma bodies
| laminated calcifications
meningioma
252
hemangioma found in which area?
associated with
can produce
cerebellar
VHL, retinal angioma
EPO
253
vestibular schwannoma associated with
NF2
254
chicken wire capillary pattern
oligodendroglioma
255
vertical gaze paly tumour
pinealoma
256
pinealoma males
bHCG and precocious puberty
257
posterior fossa tumour, GFAP
pilocytic astrocytoma
258
rosenthal fibres
eosinophilic
| pilocytic astrocytoma
259
medulloblastoma
| can cause
malignant
| drop mets to spinal cord
260
Homer-Wright rosettes, small blue cells
medulloblastoma
261
tumour bitemporal hemianopia and difference
pituitary adenoma
| craniopharyngeaoma - calcification, cholesterol crystals
262
cingulate herniation under falx cerebri
anterior cerebral compression
263
transtentorial herniation
rupture of paramedian basilar artery branches
| brain stem
264
uncal herniation
blown pupil, ipsilateral PCA
265
cerebellar tonsillar hernation
death from brain stem compression
266
Glaucoma B blockers
timolol, betaxolol, carteolol
267
what do a and b blockers do in the eye?
decrease aq humour production
268
drugs not to use in closed angle glaucoma and why
a1 blockers
| cause mydriasis
269
drugs increasing outflow of aq humour from ciliary muscle contraction
cholinomimetics (M3)
| prostaglandins
270
cholinomimetic for glaucoma
pilocarpine, carbachol, phsostigmine, echothiophate
271
long eyelashes, browning of iris
prostaglandins for glaucoma
272
what do opioid receptors do?
close Ca channels, open K channels
| inhibit ACh, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P release
273
pentazocine
| careful with
k-opioid R agonist
u-opioid R antgonist
opiate withdrawl symptoms is taken with full opiate
274
butorphanol mechanism
use
careful
k-opioid agonist, u-opioid partial agonist
severe pain with less respiratory depression
OD not easily reversed
275
tramadol
| s.e.
weak opioid agonist, also inhibits 5-HT and NE reuptake
| decreases seizure threshold
276
ethosuximide use
absense seizure
277
Benzodiazapines use
status epilepticus
278
Phenobarbital use
simple, complex, tonic-clonic
279
Neonatal seizure
phenobarbital
280
phenytoin can be used for
all except absense
281
first line tonic-clonic
phenytoin
| valproate
282
first line prevention status epilepticus
phenytoin
283
carbamazepine use
simple, complex, tonic clonic
284
epilepsy drugs increasing GABA
benzodiazapines, phenytoin, topiramate
285
epilepsy drugs inhibiting GABA transaminase
valproic acid, vigabatrin, levetiracetam
286
epilepsy drugs inhibiting GABA reuptake
tigabine
287
epilepsy drugs inhibiting Ca channels
ethosuximide, gabapentin
288
epilepsy drugs inhibiting Na channels
phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, lamotrigine
289
valproic acid use
all apart from status epilepticus
290
vigabatrin use
simple, complex
291
gabapentin use
simple, complex
292
topiramate
simple, complex, tonic-clonic
293
lamotrigine
all apart from status
294
levetriacetam
simple, partial, tonic-clonic
295
tigabine
simple, complex
296
mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss
topiramate
297
migrane prevention
topiramate
298
barbituate mechanism
increase Cl channel opening length, decrease neuron firing
299
barbituate use
anaesthesia induction
| anxiety, seizures, insomnia
300
benzodiazapine OD
flumazenil
301
acute benzodiazapine withdrawl
triggers seizures
302
nonbenzo hypnotics
zolipidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone
303
BZI subtype of GABA
non benzo hypnotics
304
MAC - minimal alveolar concentration
minimal alveolar concentration required to prevent 50% of subjects moving in response to noxious stimuli
305
low blood solubility
rapid induction and recovery
306
high lipid solubility
high potency
307
potency =
1 / MAC
308
inhaled anaesthetics cause
myocardial depression, resp depression, nausea, increased cerebral blood flow
309
halothane issue
hepatotoxicity
310
methoxyflurane issue
nephrotoxicity
311
enflurane
proconvulsant inhaled anaesthetic
312
barbituate use in anaesthesia
high potency, rapid BBB, induction, short procedures
redistributed to tissue and fat
decreases cerebral blood flow
313
benzo anaesthetic use
| s.e
endoscopy
| post op resp depression and hOtn, anterograde amnesia
314
ketamine mechanism
PCP analog blocks NMDA Rs
315
propofol use
induction, short procedures, GABAa potentiator
316
L.A amides
lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivicaine (all have 2 Is)
317
LA types
amide, ester
318
mechanism LA
block na channels by binding to inner channel
319
tertiary amine LA mechanism
penetrate membrane uncharged, then bind to ion channel when charged
320
what specifically needs to be used in infected tissue for LA and why?
alkaline
| infection is acidotic and needs to cross into the cell
321
order of sesnsation loss in LA
pain, temperature, touch, pressure
322
s.e. bupivicaine
CV toxicity
323
s.e. benzocaine
methemoglobinemia
324
depolarising blockers
succinylcholine
325
reversal of depolarising block
can't reverse phase I
| phase II reverse with cholinesterase inhibitors
326
s.e. succinylcholine in anaesthesia
hypercalcemia, hyperkalaemia, malignant hyperthermia
327
non depolarising blockers
| antidote
curiums
| neostigmine/ cholinesterase inhibitors
328
what do you give neostigmine with?
atropine to stop bradycardia
329
dantrolene mechanism
| use
prevents Ca release from SR, binding ryanodine R
| malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
330
baclofen mechanism
| use
activates GABAb in spinal cord relaxing skeletal muscle
| muscle spasm
331
cyclobenzaprine mechanism
| use
centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant
| muscle spasm
332
dopamine agoinsts
ergot - bromocriptine
| non-ergot - pramirexole, ropinirole
333
amantadine
| s.e.
increases dopamine release and decreases reuptake
| livedo reticularis
334
levodopa + carbidopa
| s.e.
crosses into brain
stops peripheral conversion to dopamine (inhibits dopa-decarboxylase)
arrhythmia from catecholamine formation
335
entacapone
prevents peripheral L-dopa degradation by inhibiting COMT
336
selegiline
inhibits MAO-B
337
benztropine
antimuscarinic improving tremor and rigidity in parkinson's
338
memantine mechanism
| use
NMDA R antagnoist
| alzheimer's
339
donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, tacrine mechanism
| use
AChE inhibitors
| Alzheimer's
340
tetrabenazine, reserpine mechanism
| use
inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) decreasing DA release
Huntingdon's
341
Riluzole does
| use
decreases glutamate excitotoxicity
| ALS
342
Triptans mechanism
| use
5-HT agonists
| migrane, cluster headaches
343
triptan s.e.
coronary vasospasm
