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Step 1 > Behavioural science > Flashcards

Behavioural science Flashcards

1
Q

collects data from a group to assess frequency of disease

A

cross-sectional study

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2
Q

compares groups with and without disease

A

cae-control

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3
Q

looks for prior exposure or risk factor

A

case-control

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4
Q

compares a group with a given exposure to those without

A

cohort study

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5
Q

ORs come from

A

case-control

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6
Q

RRs come from

A

cohort

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7
Q

phase I clinical trial

A

is it safe?

small number of healthy volunteers

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8
Q

phase II clinical trial

A

does it work?

small number of diseased patients

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9
Q

phase III clinical trial

A

is it as good or better?

large number of patients RTC

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10
Q

phase IV clinical trial

A

can it stay?

surveillance of patients after treatment

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11
Q

Sensitivity of a test =

A

= true positives / (true positives + false negatives)

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12
Q

Specificity of a test =

A

= true negatives/ (true negatives + false positives)

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13
Q

description sensitivity

A

probability that when the disease is present the test is positive

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14
Q

description specificity

A

probability that when the disease is absent the test is negative

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15
Q

positive predictive value =

A

TP / total positives

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16
Q

describe positive predictive value

A

proportion of positive results that are true

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17
Q

incidence rate =

A

number of new cases/ number at risk

over a specific time period

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18
Q

prevalence =

A

number of existing cases/ total in population

at a certain time

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19
Q

when is prevalence greater than incidence?

A

chronic disease

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20
Q

Risk ratio =

A

(person with disease + risk factor / all those with risk factors )
minus
(person with disease and no risk factor/ all persons without risk factor)

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21
Q

odds ratio =

A

(person with RF and disease x person without RF or disease) /
(person with risk factor and no disease x person with no risk factor and disease)

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22
Q

atrributable risk

A

proportion of disease occuring that are attributable to exposure

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23
Q

attributable risk =

A

(RF+disease / RF) - (noRF+disease / no RF)

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24
Q

relative risk reduction =

A

1 - RR

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25
Q

absolute risk reduction =

A

actual difference in risk

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26
Q

NNT =

A

1/ ARR

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27
Q

NNH =

A

1/ AR

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28
Q

Berkson bias

A

study population comes from hospital and is therefore less healthy than the general population

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29
Q

Healthy worker effect

A

study population is healthier than the general population

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30
Q

non-response bias

A

differential response

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31
Q

procedure bias

A

information gatsubjects in different groups are not treated the same

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32
Q

pygmalion effect

A

observer-expectancy bias

thinks there should be an effect, so looks harder for one

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33
Q

confounding bias

A

related to both exposure and outcome, but not on causal pathway

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34
Q

crossover study

A

subjects act as their own controls

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35
Q

lead-time bias

A

early detection is confused with increased survival

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36
Q

mode =

A

most common

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37
Q

SEM =

A

SD / sqrt n

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38
Q

95% =

A

2 SDs

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39
Q

positive skew

A

mode < median < mean

40
Q

negative skew

A

mode> median> mean

left hand tail

41
Q

Type I error

A

stating there is an effect when it doesn’t exist

42
Q

p values

A

the probability that the effect does not actually exist

43
Q

type II error

A

stating no effect when one eists

44
Q

statistical power

A

type II

45
Q

what increases study power?

A

sample size, effect size, precision of measurement

46
Q

Confidence intervals

A

range of values within which the true mean is expected to fall

47
Q

Confidence interval =

A

mean +- Z(SEM)
Z = 1.9 (95%)
Z = 2.58 (99%)

48
Q

t-test

A

the difference in means of 2 groups

49
Q

ANOVA

A

checks differences between means of 3 or more groups

50
Q

Chi-square test

A

checks difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes

51
Q

priority of surrogate decisions

A

spouse > adult children > parents > adult siblings > other relatives

52
Q

social smile

A

2 months

53
Q

stranger anxiety

A

6 months

54
Q

seperation anxiety

A

9 months

55
Q

moro reflex stops

A

3 months

56
Q

rooting reflex stops

A

4 months

57
Q

palmar reflex stops

A

6 months

58
Q

babinski reflex reverses

A

12 months

59
Q

baby can lift head

A

1 month

60
Q

babdy can roll/ sit

A

6 months

61
Q

baby can crawl

A

8 months

62
Q

baby can stand

A

10 months

63
Q

baby can walk

A

12-18 months

64
Q

passes toys hand to hand

A

6 months

65
Q

pincer grip

A

10 months

66
Q

points to objects

A

12 months

67
Q

orients to voice

A

4 months

68
Q

orients to name

A

9 months

69
Q

object permanence

A

9 months

70
Q

first words

A

by 10 months

71
Q

climb stairs

A

18 months

72
Q

feeding with utensils

A

20 months

73
Q

kicks ball

A

24 months

74
Q

parallel play

A

24-36 months

75
Q

reapproachment
is
by

A

moves away and returns to parent

24 months

76
Q

core gender identity formed

A

36 months

77
Q

cube stacking

A

age/yr x3

78
Q

words by age 2

A

200

79
Q

age 2 sentances

A

two words

80
Q

drive a tricycle

A

3 yrs

81
Q

copies line drawings

A

4 years

82
Q

hopping

A

4 yrs

83
Q

buttons/ zips

A

5 yrs

84
Q

will spend part of day away from mother

A

3 yr

85
Q

cooperative play

A

4 yrs

86
Q

words by age 3

A

1000

87
Q

complete sentances and prepositions

A

4 yrs

88
Q

telling detailed stories

A

4 yrs

89
Q

elderly sleep pattern

A

decreased REM, and slow wave

90
Q

quaternary disease prevention

A

identify patients at risk of unnecessary treatment

91
Q

Medicare

A

> 65yrs, end stage renal disease, certain disabilities

92
Q

Medicaid

A

low income

93
Q

latent error

A

accident waiting to happen

94
Q

root cause medical error analysis

A

retrospective

plotted on fishbone

95
Q

failure model and effects medical error analysis

A

forward-looking

to prevent failure

Step 1 (18 decks)

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