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Musculoskeletal Boards Prep > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Achilles Tendonitis-Overview

A
  • repetitive overs druse disorder

- most often impacted in an avascular zone 2-6cm above tendon insertion

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2
Q

Achilles Tendonitis-at risk individuals

A
  • limited flexibility/strength in Gastroc/soleus complex

- pronated or caves foot

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3
Q

Achilles Tendonitis-sx and symptoms

A
  • aching or burning or posterior heel
  • swelling and thickening in tendon area
  • morning stiffness
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4
Q

Achilles Tendonitis-tx

A
  • initial RICE
  • NSAIDs
  • analgesics
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5
Q

Adhesive Capsulitis-overview

A
  • loss of ROM in active/passive shoulder motion 2* soft tissue contracture
  • caused by adhesive fibrosis and scarring between the capsule, rotator cuff, subacromial bursa and deltoid
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6
Q

Adhesive Capsulitis-symptoms

A
  • night pain
  • capsular pattern restricted motion
  • insidious onset
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7
Q

ACL Sprain- overview

A
  • ligament prevents anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur
  • etiology: non-contact twisting injury with s or valgus stress
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8
Q

ACL Sprain-signs and symptoms

A

-report loud pop or knee “giving way” or buckling followed by dizziness, sweating and swelling

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9
Q

ACL Sprain- tx

A
  • RICE
  • NSAIDs
  • conservative tx
  • surgery (for a complete grade III tear)
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10
Q

Congenital Hip Dysplasia-overview

A

-malalignment of the femoral head within the acetabulum (develops in the last trimester in utero)

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11
Q

Congenital Hip Dysplasia-presentation

A

-asymmetrical hip abduction with tightness and apparent femoral shortening of the involved side

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12
Q

Congenital Hip Dysplasia-tx

A
  • 1st: harness, splinting, bracing, traction

- open reduction with subsequent application of a hip spica cast (if conservative tx fails)

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13
Q

Congenital Limb Deficiencies-etiology

A
  • idiopathic or genetic in origin

- could also be due to poor blood supply, constricting amniotic bands, infection, maternal drug exposure

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14
Q

Congenital Limb Deficiencies- symptoms

A
  • structural or acquired abnormality of limb

- phantom limb pain

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15
Q

Congenital Limb Deficiencies- tx

A

-focus on symmetrical movements, strengthening, ROM, WBing activities, prosthetic training when appropriate

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16
Q

Congenital Torticollis-etiology

A

Unknown, malpositioning in utero, birth trauma

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17
Q

Congenital Torticollis-clinical presentation

A
  • lateral cervical flexion to SAME side as contracture
  • rotation toward the OPPOSITE side
  • facial asymmetries
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18
Q

Congenital Torticollis-tx

A
  • conservative: stretching, AROM, positioning, education

- surgery if kid >1 yo, when conservative tx failed

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19
Q

Glenohumeral Instability-etiology

A

-combination of forces causing humeral to move anteriorly (anterior dislocation is most common and associated with abduction/ER)

20
Q

Glenohumeral Instability-signs and symptoms

A
  • subluxation:popping in/out, pain, numbness/tingling, positive apprehension test
  • dislocation: severe pain, paresthesias, decrease ROM, weakness
21
Q

Glenohumeral Instability-tx

A
  • initially immobilization with sling 3-6 weeks
  • RICE, NSAIDs
  • progress to ROM, isometric strengthening, progressive resisted exercises (emphasis on IR/ER)
22
Q

Impingement Syndrome-etiology

A

caused by the humeral head and rotator cuff attachments migrate proximally and become impinged under acromion and the coracoacromial ligament

23
Q

Impingement Syndrome- signs and symptoms

A
  • deep pain
  • painful arc (70-120*) abduction
  • (+) impingement sign
  • tenderness over greater tuberosity and bicipital groove
24
Q

Impingement Syndrome- tx

A
  • initially: RICE, NSAIDs
  • RTC strengthening, scap stab
  • continue prevention and alter activities
25
Q

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis-etiology

A
  • unknown

- theories include-> virus, infection, or trauma may trigger an autoimmune response

26
Q

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis- signs/symptoms (systemic JRA)

A
  • 10-20% cases

- acute onset, high fevers, rash, enlargement of the spleen and liver, inflammation of the lungs and heart

27
Q

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis- signs/symptoms (polyarticular JRA)

A
  • 30-40% of cases
  • high female incidence
  • significant RF and arthritis in >4 joints symmetrically
28
Q

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis- signs/symptoms (oligoarticular JRA)

A
  • 40-60% of cases

- affects <5 joints asymmetrically

29
Q

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis- tx

A
  • meds to manage pain/inflammation

- PT: A/PROM, positioning, splinting, strengthening, endurance, WBing activities, postural training, functional mobility

30
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis-etiology

A

-eccentri loading of wrist extensors (usually extensor capri radialis brevis) resulting in microtraumas

31
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis-signs/symptoms

A
  • pain immediately anterior or distal to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  • pain worsens with repetition and resisted wrist extension
32
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis-tx

A
  • initially RICE, NSAIDs, activity modifications

- PT: improve strength, flexibility, endurance of wrist extensors

33
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease-etiology

A

-trauma, genetic predisposition, synovitis, vascular abnormalities, infection

34
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease- overview

A
  • characterized by degeneration of the femoral head due to a disturbance in the blood supply (avascular necrosis)
  • pain, decreased ROM, antalgic gait, Trendelenburg gait
35
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease-sign/symptoms

A

-pain, decreased ROM, antalgic gait, Trendelenburg gait

36
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease-tx

A
  • vary, main focus is on pain

- orthotics or surgery may be indicated based on severity

37
Q

Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain-complete

A
  • etiology: fixed foot associated with valgus force
  • knee pain, swelling, antalgic gait, decreased ROM
  • strengthening gradually progressing (surgery is rarely required due to being highly vascularized)
38
Q

Meniscus Tear-complete

A
  • medial meniscus is more commonly injured
  • fixed foot rotation while WBing on flexed knee
  • conservative tx and surgery ranging from partial meniscectomy to repair
39
Q

Osgood-Schlatter Disease-complete

A
  • repetitive traction on the tibial tuberosity apophysis (patellar tendon)
  • can result in a small avulsion
  • point tenderness
  • tx: conservative, icing, eliminating exercises
40
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta-overview

A

-connective tissue disorder that affects the formation of collagen during bone formation/development

41
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta-etiology

A
  • genetic inheritance: type I/IV

- autosomal dominant: type II/III

42
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta-sx/tx

A
  • pathological fx, osteoporosis, hypermobile, bowing of long bones, weakness, scoliosis, impaired respiratory function
  • tx: begins at birth, emphasize symmetrical movements, fx management, use orthotics if necessary
43
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfect Types

A 
most severe to least
II
III
IV
I
44
Q

Plantar Fascitis-overview

A
  • inflammation of the plantar fascia of the proximal insertion on the medial tubercle of the calcaneus
  • excessive tension over time creates chronic inflammation and microtears
45
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain

A
  • most common causes of this injury is landing on the tibia with a flexed knee or hitting a dashboard in MVA with flexed knee
  • swelling, mild pain, typically asymptomatic
  • conservative tx, or surgery (isolated hamstrings avoided for min 6 weeks if surgery)
46
Q

Scoliosis

A
  • a spinal orthosis is often warranted with a curve 25-40*

- surgical intervention may be required with curves >40*

47
Q

Talipes Equinovarus

A
  • “clubfoot”: heel pointing downward and the forefoot turning inward
  • unknown etiology
  • adduction of forefoot, varus hindfoot, equinus at the ankle
  • tx:splinting, serial casting (failed may result in surgery)

Musculoskeletal Boards Prep (13 decks)

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