Gait

Question 1

Hip flexion requirements

Answer 1

30 degrees

Question 2

Hip extension required

Answer 2

10

Question 3

Knee flexion required

Answer 3

60 degrees

Question 4

Knee extension required

Answer 4

0 degrees

Question 5

Ankle dorsiflexion required

Answer 5

10 degrees

Question 6

Ankle plantarflexion required

Answer 6

20 degrees

Question 7

Tibialis anterior peak activity

Answer 7

Just after heel strike. Eccentric lowering of the foot into plantarflexion

Question 8

Peak activity of gastroc soleus

Answer 8

Late stance phase. Concentric raising of the heel during toe off

Question 9

Quadriceps peak activity

Answer 9

2 periods: single support during early stance phase; prior to toe off to initiate swing phase

Question 10

Hamstrings peak activity

Answer 10

Late swing phase, decelerating unsupported limb

Question 11

Antalgic gait pattern

Answer 11

Involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on the involved side, secondary to pain

Question 12

Ataxic

Answer 12

Staggering and unsteadiness. There is usually a wide base of support and movements are exaggerated

Question 13

Cerebellar gait pattern

Answer 13

Staggering gait pattern seen in Cerebellar diseases

Question 14

Circumduction

Answer 14

Gait pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase; this may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion

Question 15

Double step gait pattern

Answer 15

Alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate

Question 16

Equine gait pattern

Answer 16

High steps; usually involves excessive activity of the gastrocnemius

Question 17

Festinating gait pattern

Answer 17

Walks on toes as though pushed. It starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patient grasps an object in order to stop.

Question 18

Hemiplegic

Answer 18

Patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them.

Question 19

Parkinsonian gait pattern

Answer 19

Increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees. Gait is shuffling with quick and small steps. Festinating may occur

Question 20

Scissor

Answer 20

Legs cross midline upon advancement

Question 21

Spastic gait pattern

Answer 21

Stiff movement, toes seem to catch and drag, legs held together and hip and knee joints slightly flexed. Commonly seen in spastic paraplegia

Question 22

Steppage gait pattern

Answer 22

Feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsi flexor weakness. The foot will slap at initial contact with the ground due to decreased control

Question 23

Tabetic gait pattern

Answer 23

High stepping ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground

Question 24

Trendelenburg gait pattern

Answer 24

Denotes gluteus medius weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg

Question 25

Vaulting gait pattern

Answer 25

A gait pattern where the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation of the pelvis and plantar flexion of the stance leg

Question 26

Base of support

Answer 26

Distance measured between the left and right foot during progression of gait. The distance decreases as cadence increases. The average base of support for an adult is 2-4 inches

Question 27

Cadence

Answer 27

Number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time. 110-120 steps per minute is average for adults

Question 28

Degree of toe-out

Answer 28

Angle formed by each foot's line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe. The average for an adult is 7 degrees

Question 29

Double support phase

Answer 29

Two times in gait cycle where both feet are on the ground. The time of double support increases as speed of gait cycle decreases. Does not exist with running

Question 30

Pelvic rotation

Answer 30

Rotation of the pelvis occurs opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance and regulate speed. The average pelvic rotation during gait for an adult is a total of 8 degrees (4 degrees forward with the swing leg and 4 degrees backward with the stance leg)

Question 31

Step length

Answer 31

Distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike. Average for an adult is 28 inches

Question 32

Stride length

Answer 32

Distance measured between right heel strike and the following right heel strike. The average stride length for an adult is 56 inches