Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Non-infective
Glomerular tuft injury with secondary tubulointerstitial changes
Immunological mechanism
Diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infective
Patchy
E.coli, Pseudomonas, Strep faecalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many organisms for bacteriuria?

A

> 104 organisms/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Risks for UTI

A 
Female
Pregnancy (hormonal/obstruction)
Iatrogenic
Obstruction (calculus/stricture)
VUR
Diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

VUR

A

Vesico-Ureteric Reflux
Competence of uretero-vesical valves
Ureters enter more perpendicular = don’t close properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis

A 
Often no previous UTI history
Vague symptoms
Large volume of urine
Scarred cortex, distorted calyces = glomerular loss
Patchy nature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tuberculous pyelonephritis

A 
Haematogenous spread from lungs
Vague symptoms
Sterile pyuria (pus/WBCs in urine)
Caseous foci (necrosis, slow growth)
Necrotising, granulomatous inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cystitis

A

Acute inflammation but can become necrotising if obstruction, e.g. BPH
E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Long term reactive changes due to cystitis

A

Ureteritis cystica/Cystitis cystica - small fluid filled cysts into lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Bladder infection due to S. haematobium
Tropical countries
Chronic UTI
Predisposes to SCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Dilatation of pelvis/calyces, parenchymal atrophy
Due to UTI/VUR
Cortical thinning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pyonephrosis

A

Infection of collecting system, often after hydronephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effect of obstruction on detrusor

A

Criss cross hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Simple cysts

A

No functional disturbance/symptoms

Can be secondary to dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Infantile type PCKD

A

Terminal renal failure
No gross distortion of kidney
Congenital hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autosomal recessive PCKD

A

Bilateral renal enlargement
Elongated cysts (dilation of CDs)
1 in 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adult PCKD

A

Autosomal dominant = 1 in 2. Chromosome 16
Middle adult life - mass, haematuria, HT, CRF
Bilateral renal enlargement
Multiple cysts = distortion of kidney
Non-functional cysts in liver, pancreas and lung
Berry aneurysms in COW = subarachnoid haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Renal fibromas

A

Benign medullary tumour

White nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Renal adenoma

A

Benign epithelial tumour (papillary adenoma) - cortex

Yellow nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Renal angiomyolipoma

A

Benign mixture of fat, smooth muscle and BVs

Associated with tuberous sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

JGCT

A

Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumour - benign

Increased renin = secondary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nephroblastoma

A

Malignant - Wilm’s tumour
Commonest abdo tumour in kids = mass
Residual primitive renal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Urothelial carcinoma

A

Malignant

Anywhere in renal tract - usually pelvis and calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Renal Cell carcinoma

A

Malignant - clear cells from tubular epithelium
Presents late
Males 55-60
Abdo mass, haematuria, flank pain, paraneoplastic manifestations, hypercalcaemia, polycythaemia
Well circumscribed, yellow, extends up renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does renal cell carcinoma spread?

A

Haematogenous to lung, bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Commonest type of RCC

A

Clear cell type - rich in glycogen and lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma

A

Malignant - transitional epithelium (from pelvicalyceal system to urethra), mainly bladder trigone
>50 years
Haematuria, thick lining

28
Q

Risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma

A

Aniline dyes, rubber, analgesics, schistosomiasis, smoking

29
Q

How is transitional cell carcinoma spread?

A

Lymph to lungs and liver

30
Q

Renal adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant
Extroversion - bladder exposed
Urachal remnants
Long standing cystitis cystica

31
Q

Renal squamous carcinoma

A

Schistosomiasis

Calculi = irritation

32
Q

Commonest malignant bladder tumour in kids

A

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

33
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Hypoalbuminaemia, proteinuria, peripheral/periorbital oedema

Non-proliferative (podocyte/epithelial side)

34
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A 
Oligouria
AKI
Pulmonary oedema
HT
Active urinary sediment (RBCs, granular casts)
Proteinuria
Haematuria
35
Q

Epithelial crescent formation

A

Severe glomerular damage

Proliferation of epithelial cells in Bowman’s capsule = compression and distortion of glomerulus

36
Q

End stage in glomerular diseases

A

Glomerulosclerosis

Irreversible

37
Q

Round eosinophilic lesions characteristic of diabetic nephropathy

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions (nodular glomerulosclerosis)

38
Q

What ways can diabetes change the kidneys?

A

Atherosclerosis
Pyelonephritis
Renal papillary necrosis
Nodular and diffuse glomerulosclerosis

39
Q

Stain used to diagnose MM

A

Congo red stain = apple green birefringence

Amyloid

40
Q

How does MM affect the kidney?

A 
Amyloid deposition in GBM
Myeloma kidney (Bence Jones proteins produced by malignant plasma cells)
Renal calculi (hypercalcaemia from bone destruction)
UTI/pyelonephritis due to immune deficiency
41
Q

Appearance of seminoma (testicular tumour)

A

Solid white potato tumour
Clear cells (favourable prognosis)
Clusters of tumour cells with lymphocyte infiltrate

42
Q

How does seminoma spread?

A

Lympahtics to para-aortic nodes

Haematogenous to lungs and liver

43
Q

Prognosis of seminoma?

A

Good even if mets

Radiotherapy

44
Q

What markers do teratomas with yolk sac elements produce?

A

a-fetoprotein

45
Q

What markers do malignant teratomas with trophoblastic tissue produce?

A

HCG

46
Q

What markers do seminomas produce?

A

Placental ALP

LDH

47
Q

Which marker is important in diagnosing prostate cancer?

A

PSA

48
Q

Latent carcinoma of prostate

A

Present but not clinically relevant

49
Q

What is different about skeletal mets in prostate cancer?

A

Osteosclerotic (mets elsewhere are usually lytic)

50
Q

Complications of renal calculi

A

Renal colic, urinary tract obstruction, infection, haematuria, SCC

51
Q

What effects does HT have on the kidney?

A 
Glomerulosclerosis
Shrinks
Narrowing of vessels = ischaemia
Atherosclerosis
Renal failure
52
Q

Risks for RCC

A

Obesity
HT
Smoking

53
Q

Seminoma

A

Commonest testicular tumour
Painless lump
30-50 years
Radiosensitive

54
Q

Teratoma

A

Teens/early 20s
Tumour of all 3 germ layers
Chemosensitive
HCG and a-fetoprotein

55
Q

SCC of the penis

A

Skin of penis on glans/prepuce
Usually in uncircumcised men
Ulcerating cauliflower mass

56
Q

Causes of penis SCC

A

Poor hygiene

HPV

57
Q

Bowen’s disease/erythroplasia of Queyrat

A

Pre-malignant SCC of penis
Dry, crusty
Raised velvet area on glans
Full thickness dysplasia of epidermis

58
Q

Cause of BPH

A

Hormonal imbalance, oestrogen

59
Q

Prostatism

A

Difficulty starting stream
Poor uneven stream
Overflow incontinence

60
Q

Complications of BPH

A 
Bladder hypertrophy
Diverticula in bladder wall
Hydroureter (distension of ureter)
Hydronephrosis
Infection
61
Q

Management of BPH

A

a blocker
5a reductase inhibitor
surgery

62
Q

BPH arises in what zone?

A

Central zone

63
Q

Where does prostate carcinoma arise?

A

Peripheral zone

64
Q

Spread of prostate cancer

A

Local
Lymph (para-aortic nodes)
Otosclerotic mets

65
Q

Diagnosis of prostate cancer

A 
PR exam
US, x-ray (mets)
PSA
Trans-urethral resection
Hormonal therapy 
Radiotherapy
Surgery
66
Q

Germ cell tumours of testicles

A

Seminoma (seminiferous tubules)

Teratoma

Renal (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions