Pathology Flashcards
Hipertrophy
Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells.
May progress to displásica and cancer.
Often hormonal
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size.
Uses ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy.
Causes: denervation, loss of blood supply and hormonal stimulation, poor nutrition
Metaplasia
Replacement of one cell type by another.
Myositis Ossificans (muscle replaced by bone) or Xerophthalmia (epithel replaced by mucus) are examples of
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Disordered precancerous epithelial cell growth.
Can become irreversible and progress to carcinoma
Dysplasia
Disordered precancerous epithelial cell growth.
Can become irreversible and progress to carcinoma
Characteristics of Dysplasia
- Pleomorphism (loss of uniformity of size and shape)
- Abnormal nuclei (large and hyperchromatic)
- Mitotic figures (cells dividing)
- Mild and moderate dysplasia can be reversible.
- Usually preceded by persistent Metaplasia or pathological hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Change in cell type and structure
It’s irreversible
Which of the following is not reversible:
Hypertrophy - Hyperplasia - Metaplasia - Atrophy - Metaplasia - Dysplasia - Neoplasia
Neoplasia
Characteristics of reversible cell injury:
- Cellular/mitochondrial swelling
- Ribosomal/polysomal detachment
- Plasma membrane blebbing
- Nuclear changes (chromatin clumping)
- Rapid loss of function
- Myelin figures/fatty change
- Disruption of cytoskeleton
Characteristics of irreversible cell injury:
- Breakdown of plasma membrane
- Mitochondrial damage/dysfunction
- Rupture of lysosomes
- Nuclear degradation (pyknosis, karyorrhexis or karyolysis)
5.Amorphous densities/inclusions in mitochondria.
Pyknosis
Nuclear shrinkage/condensation
Karyorrhexis
Nuclear fragmentation
Karyolysis
Nuclear dissolution
Hallmark of cell injury
Ca+2 inside the cell
Which enzymes are in charge of the inactivation of free radicals:
-peroxidase
-catalase
O2 (superoxide) converts to H2O2 (hydrogen proxide) via:
Superoxide dismutase
Free radicals are coverted to water via the process of
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which enzymes in drug use are responsible for cell injury?
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
In which phase can Drugs cause cell injury?
Phase 1 (drug modification)
Which zone of the liver is most affected by the free radicals of drugs?
Zone lll (centrilobular) - Damage zone
How can Paracetamol/acetaminophen cause liver damage?
Via CYP450 -> NAPQI (ROS production) -> liver damage
Which transition metals usually keep H2O2 (free radical) from forming water?
-Fe+2
-Cu+