Pathology Flashcards
What is the most common parasite of the bladder?
Schistosomiasis haematobium
Contracted in central Africa.
What is a long-term complication of schistosomiasis in the bladder?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Can catheters cause cancer?
Eventually, yes - they irritate the bladder wall.
Results in inflammation.
What is aseptic cystitis?
A condition characterised by persistent dysuria, despite negative culture results.
What is hydronephrosis?
Dilation of the urine collecting system.
The result of obstruction, leading to increased pressure within the system.
What is the biggest risk factor for bladder cancer?
Smoking
Is squamous epithelium present in the bladder?
No
Squamous cell carcinoma results from persistent inflammation producing metaplasia.
Does high-grade prostate cancer cause a high PSA?
No, as cells less likely to be that of the organ tissue.
Thus, digital rectal examination is essential if considering prostate cancer as a diagnosis.
What scoring system is used to grade prostate cancer?
Gleason grading system
Which age group typically presents with balanitis xerotic obliterans?
Young patients
Usually associated with phimosis/paraphimosis.
Which 2 strains of HPV are described as high-risk?
HPV16
HPV18
What is a hydrocele?
The accumulation of fluid around the testes.
Builds up between the 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis.
What is a varicocele?
Varicosities of the venous plexus of the testes.
Usually asymptomatic - feels like a ‘bag of worms’.
What is the most common form of testicular cancer?
Seminoma
What is the biggest risk factor for the development of testicular cancer?
An undescended testicle.
