Anatomy Flashcards
What 2 structures make up the upper urinary tract?
Kidneys
Ureters
What 2 structures make up the lower urinary tract?
Bladder
Urethra
What is meant by a retroperitoneal structure?
One that lies behind the peritoneal cavity.
An example is the kidneys.
Name 3 retroperitoneal structures?
Kidneys
IVC
Abdominal aorta
What 3 structures are found at the kidney hilum?
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
Which muscle lies posteromedial to the kidney?
Psoas major
Which muscles lies most posterior to the kidney?
Quadratus lumborum (a bilateral structure)
Why is the right kidney lower than the left?
Due to the presence of the liver on the RHS.
Which kidney is found between L1 and L3?
Right kidney
Which kidney is found between T12 and L2?
Left kidney
What may result from a floating rib fracture?
Kidney injury
Splenic rupture
What is the significance of the hepatorenal recess?
It is the deepest part of the abdominal cavity when supine.
What 2 causes may result in an internal ureteric obstruction?
Renal calculus
Blood clot
Obstruction at which sites will produce unilateral hydronephrosis?
Bladder
Urethra
What is the purpose of the internal urethral sphincter?
Contracts during ejaculation to prevent the backflow of semen into the bladder.
What are the 2 routes through which a patient may be catheterised?
Urethra
Suprapubic
Obstruction at which sites will produce unilateral hydronephrosis?
Calyces
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Do females have an internal urethral sphincter?
No, only seen in males.
Where are sperm stored following production?
Epidydymis
Where do the testes originate?
The posterior abdominal wall
Descends to the scrotum via the inguinal canal.
Which structures are found in the spermatic cord?
Testicular artery
Testicular vein
Vas deferens
A pathological collection of fluid within the 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis may be referred to as what?
Hydrocele
What 2 structures comprise the ejaculatory duct?
Seminal vesicle
Vas deferens
Where does the right testicular vein drain to?
IVC
Where does the left testicular vein drain to?
Left renal vein
Which artery supplies the penis?
Internal iliac artery
Which arteries supply the scrotum?
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Where does lymph from the testes drain to?
Lumbar lymph nodes
Due to origin of testicles near the abdominal aorta.
What are the 4 main components of a nephron?
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Where does the vas deferens join the urethra?
At the prostate.
What are the 5 nerve fibre modalities?
Sensory
Motor
Visceral afferent
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Which nerves control ureteric peristalsis and the contractile function of the bladder?
Autonomic nerves
An involuntary process.
Which urethral sphincter is voluntary?
External urethral sphincter
Which urethral sphincter is involuntary?
Internal urethral sphincter
Only seen in males.
How do viscera receive sympathetic innervation?
Splanchnic nerves
Is parasympathetic innervation provided to the body wall?
No
Which 3 structures are the only ones with somatic motor innervation within the renal tract?
Distal urethra
External urethral sphincter
Levator ani
Which spinal nerves control the flow of urine?
S2, S3, S4
