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Renal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 categories of renal disease?

A

Vascular
Systemic
Genetic
Obstructive
Glomerulonephritis

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2
Q

Which systemic disease most commonly produces renal pathology?

A

Diabetes

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3
Q

Which form of cells are impacted in myeloma?

A

Plasma cells

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4
Q

What are the 4 most common signs of myeloma?

A

Hypercalcaemia
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone pain

Think ‘CRAB’.

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5
Q

How does urinalysis present in ANCA positive vasculitis?

A

Lots of blood
Lots of protein

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6
Q

Which ANCA antibody is associated with GPA?

A

cANCA

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7
Q

Which condition causes necrotising granulomas and inflammation, affecting both the lungs and kidneys?

A

GPA

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8
Q

Which ANCA antibody is associated with microscopic polyangiitis?

A

pANCA

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9
Q

Which antibodies are linked to SLE?

A

ANA (most sensitive)
anti-dsDNA (most specific)

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10
Q

What does proteinuria usually indicate?

A

Issues with the kidneys as a filter.

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11
Q

What are the 5 main forms of glomerulonephritis?

A

Minimal change
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS)
Membranous
Membranoproliferative
IgA nephropathy

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12
Q

What is the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Minimal change disease

Will NOT progress to renal failure.

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13
Q

How is minimal change disease treated?

A

Cyclophosphamide

Does not respond to steroid therapy.

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis in adults?

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Around 50% will progress to end-stage renal failure in 10 years.

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15
Q

Which form of glomerulonephritis affects podocytes?

A

Membranous nephropathy

Causes nephrotic syndrome.

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16
Q

How may membranous nephropathy be treated?

A

Steroids

17
Q

What is the most common form of glomerulonephritis?

A

IgA nephropathy

18
Q

How does IgA nephropathy present?

A

Asymptomatic microscopic haematuria - may not be of nephrotic origin.

19
Q

How is IgA nephropathy managed?

A

Despite being immune-mediated, immunosuppression not needed.

Instead, give ACE inhibitors - ensure good BP control, and reduced proteinuria.

20
Q

Which rheumatological condition is associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

A

ANCA-positive vasculitides (GPA/microscopic polyangiitis)

21
Q

What tissue type is targeted in goodpasture’s syndrome?

A

Collagen

Involves IgG antibodies.

22
Q

Are nephrotic/nephritic syndrome a diagnosis?

A

No, a presentation only.

23
Q

What 2 features characteristic nephritic syndrome?

A

Hypertension
Haematuria

24
Q

What is the triad associated with nephrotic syndrome?

A

Heavy proteinuria
Non-dependent oedema
Hyperlipidaemia

25
Q

What may result in nephrotic syndrome?

A

A degree of immunosuppression
Renal vein thrombosis

26
Q

What does the presence of crescents on renal biopsy indicate?

A

Rapidly progressive disease

A bad finding.

27
Q

Which 2 conditions are associated with the development of granulomas within renal tissue?

A

GPA
Sarcoidosis

28
Q

What forms of glomerulonephritis present with nephrotic syndrome?

A

Minimal change
Membranous
Membranoproliferative (also causes nephritic syndrome)

29
Q

What forms of glomerulonephritis presents with nephritic syndrome?

A

FSGS
IgA nephropathy
Membranoproliferative (may also cause nephrotic syndrome)

30
Q

What may cause FSGS?

A

Obesity
HIV
IV drug users

31
Q

What may cause membranous nephropathy?

A

Infection
Drugs
Malignancy

32
Q

Which form of glomerulonephritis presents with IgA deposition within the mesangium on renal biopsy?

A

IgA nephropathy

33
Q

In which condition is Kimmel-Stiel Wilson nodules seen?

A

Diabetes

Renal (14 decks)

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