Pathology Flashcards
What are the 5 categories of renal disease?
Vascular
Systemic
Genetic
Obstructive
Glomerulonephritis
Which systemic disease most commonly produces renal pathology?
Diabetes
Which form of cells are impacted in myeloma?
Plasma cells
What are the 4 most common signs of myeloma?
Hypercalcaemia
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone pain
Think ‘CRAB’.
How does urinalysis present in ANCA positive vasculitis?
Lots of blood
Lots of protein
Which ANCA antibody is associated with GPA?
cANCA
Which condition causes necrotising granulomas and inflammation, affecting both the lungs and kidneys?
GPA
Which ANCA antibody is associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
pANCA
Which antibodies are linked to SLE?
ANA (most sensitive)
anti-dsDNA (most specific)
What does proteinuria usually indicate?
Issues with the kidneys as a filter.
What are the 5 main forms of glomerulonephritis?
Minimal change
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS)
Membranous
Membranoproliferative
IgA nephropathy
What is the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal change disease
Will NOT progress to renal failure.
How is minimal change disease treated?
Cyclophosphamide
Does not respond to steroid therapy.
What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis in adults?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Around 50% will progress to end-stage renal failure in 10 years.
Which form of glomerulonephritis affects podocytes?
Membranous nephropathy
Causes nephrotic syndrome.
How may membranous nephropathy be treated?
Steroids
What is the most common form of glomerulonephritis?
IgA nephropathy
How does IgA nephropathy present?
Asymptomatic microscopic haematuria - may not be of nephrotic origin.
How is IgA nephropathy managed?
Despite being immune-mediated, immunosuppression not needed.
Instead, give ACE inhibitors - ensure good BP control, and reduced proteinuria.
Which rheumatological condition is associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
ANCA-positive vasculitides (GPA/microscopic polyangiitis)
What tissue type is targeted in goodpasture’s syndrome?
Collagen
Involves IgG antibodies.
Are nephrotic/nephritic syndrome a diagnosis?
No, a presentation only.
What 2 features characteristic nephritic syndrome?
Hypertension
Haematuria
What is the triad associated with nephrotic syndrome?
Heavy proteinuria
Non-dependent oedema
Hyperlipidaemia
What may result in nephrotic syndrome?
A degree of immunosuppression
Renal vein thrombosis
What does the presence of crescents on renal biopsy indicate?
Rapidly progressive disease
A bad finding.
Which 2 conditions are associated with the development of granulomas within renal tissue?
GPA
Sarcoidosis
What forms of glomerulonephritis present with nephrotic syndrome?
Minimal change
Membranous
Membranoproliferative (also causes nephritic syndrome)
What forms of glomerulonephritis presents with nephritic syndrome?
FSGS
IgA nephropathy
Membranoproliferative (may also cause nephrotic syndrome)
What may cause FSGS?
Obesity
HIV
IV drug users
What may cause membranous nephropathy?
Infection
Drugs
Malignancy
Which form of glomerulonephritis presents with IgA deposition within the mesangium on renal biopsy?
IgA nephropathy
In which condition is Kimmel-Stiel Wilson nodules seen?
Diabetes
