Haematuria & Bladder Obstruction Flashcards
What does haematospermia indicate?
Prostate cancer
How are visible/non-visible haematuria differentiated?
Visible is observable by eye, whereas
non-visible is seen on dipstick/microscopy only.
What are 3 common benign causes of haematuria?
Infection
Renal calculus
Trauma
What is the most common cause of haematuria?
Malignancy
What triad of symptoms is seen in urological cancer?
Haematuria
Mass
Pain
Some may also have retention.
How should non-visible haematuria be investigated?
USS
How should visible haematuria be investigated?
CT scan
How does benign prostatic hyperplasia affect the detrusor muscle?
This will be hypertrophied as it is working hard against the obstructive urethra (due to the BPH).
What are the 2 broad groupings of lower urinary tract symptoms?
Storage issue
Voiding issue
How do urinary storage issues present?
Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia
How do voiding issues present?
Hesitancy
Poor/Intermittent flow
Feeling of incomplete emptying
Post-micturition dribbling
What are the 3 main urological red-flags to be aware of?
Haematuria
Suprapubic pain
Recurrent UTIs
How should lower urinary tract symptoms be investigated?
Rectal exam
Urinalysis
Serum creatinine measurement
PSA levels
What can be given to ease contraction of bladder smooth muscle?
Anticholinergics
Used if bladder identified to be the cause of symptoms.
If prostatic cause of symptoms, what is given?
Alpha blockers (e.g. tamsulosin) - will relax the prostate.
5-alpha reductase inhibitors - will shrink the prostate.
