Pathology Flashcards
what increases cell expression of VCAM and ICAM?
TNF
IL-1
which 4 things mediate endothelial contraction?
histamine
bradykinin
substance P
leukotrienes
name mediators of chemotaxis
C3a
C5a
what are the 4 steps of changes in response to injury?
stasis
margination (of WBCs)
rolling
adhesions
what is dolor mediated by?
prostaglandins
bradykinin (relaxes smooth muscles)
what are the 4 stages of acute inflammation?
resolution
suppuration
repair, organisation & fibrosis
chronic inflammation
what is chemotaxis?
movement of a WBC following a chemical gradient which they move along
after they have left blood vessel
what are vascular changes in response to injury mediated by?
histamine
nitric oxide
what is the structure of a granuloma?
aggregate of epithelioid histiocytes with a lymphoid cuff
what is hyperplasia?
increase in cell number in response to external stimulus
what is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size
when does hypertrophy become pathological?
when heart/ muscle can no longer function.
requires more blood supply than in supplied
what are the 3 categories of growth receptor?
-receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
-7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors
-receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors
what is atrophy?
reduction in cell size
loss of innervation is a pathological cause of what?
atrophy
what is metaplasia?
the replacement of a mature differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type
what are Fas and TNF involved in?
they are death receptors in extrinsic apoptosis that activate caspases
what can extend life? how so?
calorie restriction,
reduces IGF signalling which can silence specific genes
what happens in tumor?
proteins exit the leaky blood vessels causing changes in osmotic pressure
what increases affinity for binding to
selectins?
ICAM/ VCAM?
selectins- histamine & thrombin
ICAM/ VCAM- proteoglycan & prostaglandins
what is carcinoma in situ?
Dysplasia affecting whole of epithelium
Last stage before becoming malignant
