Pathogens and Immune System Flashcards
Eukaryote pathogens
-Protists
-Helminth/ectoparasites
-Fungi
Microorganism pathogen
-Bacteria
-Fungus
-Protists
-Helminths
Pathogens
-Virus
-Prions
-Helminths
-Bacteria
-Fungi
-Protists
John Snow
Epidemiology
Louis Pasteur
Germ Theory
Robert Koche
Bacteriology/causal agents of disease
Ignaz Semmelweis
Aseptic technique
Virus reproduction
Lysogenic cycle
Bacteria reproduction
Binary Fission
Prion reproduction
Misfolded protein going near other tissues
Protist Reproduction
Mitosis
Helminth Reproduction
Meiosis
Fungi reproduction
Mitosis/Meiosis
Miasma
1840- poison vapors are what make us sick
Pathogen
Biological mechanism of disease progress
Koch’s postulates
- Microorganism must be found in affected organisms but not healthy ones
2.Microorganism must be isolated from diseased organism and grown in pure culture
3.Cultured organism must cause disease when introduced to healthy organism
4.Microorganism must be reisolated from inoculated. diseased host must be identical as causative agent
Problems w/ Koch’s postulates
-Does not work for virus/prions
-Some people carry pathogens but show no symptoms
-Some pathogens can’t be grown in pitri dish
-Not all capable of contracting disease
-Mutations occur, pathogens will not look exact same
Chain of infection
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Means of transmission
Portal of entry
New host
Antiseptic
For people
Disinfectant
NOT FOR PEOPLE !!
Virus
-20-200nm
-Capsid (Made of protein), nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
-May have envelope
eg. COVID-19, Influenza
Bacteria
-Single cell chromosome, ribosome, cytosol
-1-10 micrometers
-Groups = aggregations
-Some produce harmful toxins
-Glucose = peptidoglycan
eg. e.coli, salmonella typhi, etc
Gram stain
Determines how will an antibiotic will work
Shapes of bacteria
Coccus (Circular)
Bacilli (Oval)
Spirilla (Cork screw
Bacteria grouping
Diplo - 2
Staphylo - cluster
Strepto - chain
Protists
-Nucleus, membrane bound organelles
-10-100 micrometers
-Live in water
eg. Malaria, Giardiasis
Fungi
-5-15 micrometers
-Some do not cause human disease
-Some produce toxins
-Cell division = budding
-Like moist areas
-Multi. cell. branch out = hyphae
eg. Athlete’s foot, ringworm
Helminth/Ectoparasites
20-80 micrometers as egg
-1 meter as adult
-poor sanitation, moist/warm areas
-Undercooked meat
-Tapeworm, roundworms, flukes
ectoparasites - lice/scabies, 150-400 micrometers
Prions
Protein
Holes in brain
*Proteinaceous infectious particle
15nm
RARE
Which bacteria has pep.
Gram +
The plague
Yersinia Pestis
Bacteria
Vector —- FLEAS !!
Lysogenic cycle
PROVIRUSES !!
-Eventually goes to lytic
-Can take years
-Integrates its DNA into host cell
Lytic Cycle
DESTROYS CELLS !!
-Hours to days
Principles of surgical Asepsis
-Sterile object only remains sterile when touching another sterile object
-Only sterile objects can be on sterile field
-Anything that is sterile that is out of range or view is contaminated
-If sterile object exposed to air for 15-20 minutes, may be contaminated
-If sterile field comes into contact w/ moisture, moist area is contaminated
-Liquid flows in direction of gravity; forceps point down
-1 inch around sterile field = contaminated
PPE
Personal protective equipment
eg. gloves, goggles, etc.
Danger zone for bacteria replication
4 degrees c-60 degrees c
Principles of food safety
-Chill
-Cook
-Separate
-Clean
Infection timeline
-Infection (Exposure)
-Latent period
-Incubation period
-Period of communicability
Virulence
Quantitative term (How sick you get; how well a pathogen bypasses host’s defenses)
Pathogenicity
Qualitative, causes disease or nah
Types of reservoir
Human
Animal
Environment
Zoonosis
Disease spread from animal with vertebrae to human
Portals of exit
-Respiratory
-Digestive
-Skin
-Genitourinary
-Blood
-Breastmilk
Passive carrier
Does not reside in person
Active carrier
Resides in person
Portals of entry
-Skin
-Mucous membranes
-Blood
-Placeta (Mother to child)
-Digestive
CHOLERAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Vibrio cholerae
-Bacteria
Direct contact
-Vertical
-Horizontal
-Droplets
Types of direct contact
Direct contact *Horizontal, vertical, droplets
Injection/Inoculation
Contact with soil
MALARIAAAAAAAAAAA
Plasmodium falciparum
-Protozoan
Droplet
-1m or less
-Larger than 5 micrometers
-Lasts for minutes
-Direct
-EBOLA
Airborne
-Over 1m
-Smaller than 5 micrometers
-Lasts for hours
-Indirect
-Measles
Drug resistant pathogen (Superbugs)
Pathogens that grew up to be a bitch and resist medicine
-eg. Candida auris, Staphlyococcus auris, TUBERCULOSIS ??
Nosocomial infection
Pathogen picked up from hospital
Secondary infection
A new pathogenic infection when you already have one
-First will wear down immune system, allowing other to get in
-eg. pneumonia
Opportunistic pathogen
A pathogen that can only enter given the opportunity (Eg. weakened immune system)
Cryptosporidiosis
Crypto parvum
-Vehicle (Water)
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Innate Immunity
-External barriers
-Chemical barriers
-Cellular barriers
External barriers
-Skin
-Mucus
-Tears
Chemical barriers
-Sweat
-Mucous membranes
-Stomach acid
-Lysozymes
-Normal genitourinary flora
Lysozyme
Enzyme that breaks down microbes in tears/saliva
Inflammatory Response
-Sends more blood to affected area
-Red/swelling/pus
Cellular barriers
Leukocytes, phagocytes
Leukocytes
White blood cells found in transparent fluid that circulates through us
-Adaptive immune system
-Identify pathogens
-Destroy pathogens through engulfment or contact
Phagocytes
White blood cells that seek and eat pathogens
Types of leukocytes
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocytes
Neutrophils
-Engulf and destroy antigens
-Die shortly after —- creates pus
-Found circulating blood
-Most abundant WBC
-Multi bilobed nucleus
Macrophage
-Engulf and eat antigen
-Present antigen when pathogen destroyed (Triggers further immune response)
-Found in tissue
-Nucleus with crevis (Not perfectly round)
Eosinophil
-Increase with allergic reactions/helminthic infections
-Rare in blood, common in mucous membrane
-Release chemical products to break open cell membrane
-Single bilobed nucleus
Basophil
-Initiates inflammatory response with chemicals like histamine and heparin like mast cells
-Contribute to allergic reactions
-Circulate in blood stream, mast cells are localized
-Nucleus not very visible
Dendritic Cell
Bridges innate and active immune responses
-Tentacles, huge ahh nucleus
-Eat pathogen
-Displays and interoperates antigens
Heparin
Blood thinners produced by body (Increases rations of all parts of blood)
Histamine
Flow of blood to local area. Causes redness/swelling/warmth
Natural killer T Cells
Innate immune response
-Releases perforin to break open cell if not producing MHC proteins on surface
Adaptive immunity
Activated by innate immunity
-Longer but more specific
-Targets specific pathogens
-Stronger
-Remembers pathogens
Lymphocytes
T/B-cells
B-cells
-Produce antibodies (AKA immunoglobulins)
-Antibodies signal macrophages faster
-Plasma B- Cells — Makes antibodies
-Memory B-Cells —— Remembers pathogen
-Made and mature in bone marrow
T-Cells
Seek out and kill invaders/help B-cells
-Helper T-Cells make cytokine to activate B-cells
-Cytotoxic T-Cell kills foreign cells
-Produces memory cells to remember pathogens
-Made in bone marrow but mature in thymus gland
Active immunoity
Body itself makes antigens
-Long lasting
-eg. Vaccination
Passive immunity
Antibodies are introduced to blood stream
-Short-term
-eg. mother to child — placenta
Antigen Presenting Cell
-Displays antigens on it’s body
Titers
Antibodies levels
Made vaccinations but not really but got the credit
Edward Jenner
Variolation
Deliberate infection to help create immunity
Humoral immunity
Specific immune response directed at specific pathogens
Cell-mediated immunity
Pathogen enters a cell
Attenuated vaccines
Pathogen is alive but weakened (Loser)
R naught
Reproduction number
-Indicates how infectious a disease is
-Population who has not been vaccinated
-Higher = Bad —- 5 to 7 is condidered bad
–Less than 1 —– It will die off on its own
– =1, steady low rate in population
Herd immunity
Indirect protection
-When large population gets vaccinated to protect people unable to get vaccinated
-Polio = needs 83%
-Measles = Needs 95%
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
-Protist
-In CATS
-Meiosis in cats, mitosis in humans
-Cat poop lmao
-Big risk to pregnant people
-infects immune cells, causes parasitic cysts
Antobodies
Flag antigens for macrophages
Doctors without borders
Medical teams that go to where needed (Zones of epidemic, natural disaisters, conflict zones)
Oxfam
Power of people against poverty
Ryan’s Well Foundation
Provides clean water, education of sanitation and hygiene in poor regions of developing countries
UN Agencies
Maintenance of international peace and security
-Specialized organizations within it (eg. UNICEF) working on clean water and disease prevention
Stephen Lewis Foundation
Turn tides of HIV and AIDS in Africa
-Provides care for women, children, grandmothers, people living with HIV/AIDS
Carter Centre
Fight against guinea worms
Rotary International
Fight against Polio
How does immune system identify self?
glycoproteins
When is it AIDS?
When body is no longer able to fight disease
Vaccines that are considered toxoids
Diphtheria, tetanus
Adjuvant
Chemical added to vaccine (not a pathogen) that increases immune response to pathogen piece
-Causes body to make more B-Cells/Antibodies/Memory cells for longer lasting immunity
Top 5 deadliest pathogens
-Rabies
-Zebov-zaine ebola virus
-Marburg Hemorrhagic virus
H5 N1 (Avian flu)
-Nipah
Why do people not die of rabies if CFR is 100%?
-Vaccines
-Long incubation period (2-3 months, vaccines work if early enough)
-Education of vaccination, law to vaccinate pets
When does pathogen cause pandemic
-New to human population
-Life threatning
-Sustainable transmission through human to human
Lytic Cycle
-Virus attaches to host cell
-Injects viral nucleic acid or is engulfed by cell
-Virus inside host cell will burst open (If engulfed)
-Ribosomes in cytosol of host cell make viral proteins to assemble more viruses
-Virus uses your cell organelles to assemble more viral particles
-Signs and symptoms, cell bursts open (Lysis)
-OR Virus wraps itself in host cell membrane as it emerges, leaving holes in cell, lysis
Lysogenic cycle
-Same step 1 and 2 as lytic
-Viral nucleic acid in nucleus of host cell
-Virus cuts cell DNA and inserts its own (Called a provirus when installed)
-Cell lives normally, undergoes mitosis (Copies provirus and viral DNA)
-At some point, viral DNA has an RNA copy made which travels to host ribosome to create viral proteins
-lytic cycle
Plasma
Transports nutrients, waste (CO2)
Platelets
Cell fragments that help with blood clotting
RBC vs. WBC
RBC
-Red
-Biconcave
-Round
-Smaller
WBC
-Various shapes
-White, nuclei stain purple
-Larger
