Biology Flashcards
Life processes
*Requires energy
*Grow
*Repair
*Reproduce
*Responds to environment
*Life span
*Produce waste
*Made of cell(s)
Cell theory
•All living things are made of cells
•Cell is the basic unit of life that can carry life processes
•Cells form from pre-existing cells
Prokaryote
No nucleus
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Asexual reproduction
•Only one parent
•Offspring is identical to parent
•Binary fission
Sexual reproduction
•Produces offspring from 2 parents
•Genetic info from each parent
Repair
•Shed dead skin —> replaced
> Red blood cells replaced every 120 days
Stomach lining damaged by stomach acid every 3 days
Growth
•Does not simply increase in size
•Must have multiple cells
Why is growth important?
•Ineffecient not to
•Chemicals need to move in/out/through cell
*Size of cell limited by surface area to volume ratio (bigger = better)
Diffusion
Chemicals from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
Movement of water through semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Cell cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokenesis
Interphase
Cell completes normal functions
G1
Initial growth
Synthesis phase
DNA is copied
G2
•Adds extra cytoplasm/organelles
•Preps for cell division
Mitosis
Cell divides
Prophase
•Membrane begins to disappear
•centrosomes move towards poles
•spindle fibers begin to form
•strands of chromatin condense into chromosomes
Metaphase
Spindle fibers form in cytoplasm and push chromosomes towards middle
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart into chromatid at centromere and are drawn to either end of cell
Telophase
•Membrane reforms
•Chromatid/daughter cells begin to uncoil
Cytokenesis
•Elongated cells are pinched apart into daughter cells (animal)
•DNA uncoils into chromatin
*Cell plate forms in plant cells
Metastasis
Cancerous cell breaks away and travels to different location
Systems cancer metasis via
Lymphatic, circulatory
Factors to determine cancer treatment
Progression, size, type
Chemotherapy
Use of drugs or chemicals to treat cancer, generally when it’s in multiple locations
Radiation
•Cause cell to stop replicating
•Slow their growth rate
•Shrink them
•Kill remaining cells after surgery
Chromatid
One of two identical strands of DNA that make up chromosomes
Chromosome
Structure in cell nucleus made up of a portion of cell’s DNA
Centromere
Structure that holds chromatids together as chromosomes
Centriole
Allows spindle fibers to form
Chromatin
Package long DNA into compact structures
Mitochondria
Generates chemical energy
Vacuole
Stores water
Nucleus
Stores DNA, command center
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Keeps organelles in place
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape
Chloroplast
Perform photosynthesis
Cell wall
Provides structural support, semi-permeable surface
Lysomes
Break down excess cell parts
Ribosome
Produces protein
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces protein for other cells
Golgi body
Processes proteins from ER and sorts for transport to eventual destinations
X-ray
•Uses radiation to create image
•View parts of body (e.g. bones)
CAT Scan
Takes multiple x-rays of body from different angles
Tumors, internal injury
Ultrasound
Uses soundwaves to create an image
MRI
•Uses radio waves and strong magnetic field to create an image more detailed than CAT
•3D
•Joint injuries
PET scan
Made of tiny fiber optic cables to deliver tiny, light camera that sends image to screen
Microscopy
Uses microscope to view things the eye can’t
Apoptosis
DNA is damaged beyond repaired and destroyed
When should a cell remain in interphase?
•Signals from other cells tell it not to replicate
•Not enough nutrients for cell growth
•DNA hasn’t replicated
•DNA has been damaged
Benign tumor
Does not affect other tissue aside from crowding
Malignant tumor
•Interferes with surrounding cells
•Can travel through blood vessels
•Cancerous
Isotonic
Balance of concentration
Hypotonic
Solution has lower solute concentration than cell
Hypertonic
Solution has higher solute concentration than cell
Stem cells
-Least specialized cell
-Can become any type of cell
Where to find stem cells
-Bone marrow
-Inside umbilical cord
-Blastocyst
What diseases can stem cells help treat
-Parkinsons
-Cancer
-Heart disease
-Diabetes
-Hearing/vision loss
-Bone diseases
Regenerative medicin
Stem cells used to replace bodily tissue
Type of stem cells
-Tissue specific
-Pluripotent/embryonic
-Induced pluripotent
Tissue Specific
Replace existing cells in your organs as they wear out/die
Pluripotent/Embryonic
Can be grown in any tissue in body
Induced pluripotent
Regular cells that scientists have changed to behave like embryonic stem cells
Specialized cell
-Physical/chemical difference allow to perform specific task
-Look very different
-Occurs in plants/animals
How do cells become specialized
Cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation
Process which less specialized cells become more specialized
Most specialized cells
Muscle cells
First transplant
Kidney in identical twins, 1954
Organ
Structure made of two or more tissues to perform specific task
Regeneration
-Ability of a tissue being able to repair itself
-Some animals can regenerate
Tissue engeneering
-Done invitro in a lab
-Can use cells from individual/scaffolding to reproduce tissue/organ
Sources for organs
-Living donors
-Dead donors
-Xenotransplantation
-Stem cells
Muscular system
Consists of specialized cells called muscle fibers that contain specialized proteins
What do proteins cause in muscular system
-Muscle to contract when signaled by nerve
-Cells get shorter/thicker when contracted
Type of muscle tissue
-Skeletal muscle tissue (Voluntary movement)
-Smooth muscle tissue (Involuntary, digestive system)
-Cardiac muscle tissue (Involuntary)
Cardiomyopathy
Thickening of heart muscle
Muscular dystrophy
Weakens muscle
Dendrite
Where neuron gets signals
Soma
Neuron body
Axon
Where signals are sent
Axon terminal
Where the neuron ends
Axon hillock
Where neuron and axon meet
Shwan cell
Insulating cells
Myelin sheath
Plural for shwan cells
Nodes of Ranvier
Spaces between myelin sheath
Central Nervous system
-Brain
-Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves that carry signals from central nervous system throughout body
Nerves peripheral nervous system controls
-Voluntary movement
-Involuntary movement
-Sensory organs
Sensory receptors
-Specialized cells that receive input from external environment
-Information from different nerves go to different sensory regions of brain
Eye
Light receptors
Muscles
Pressure receptors
Skin
Temperature receptors
MS (Multiple Scelrosis)
-Disease in immune system
-Attacks myelin sheath in CNS
-Worsens over time
Skeletal system includes
-Bones
-Joints
Skeletal system function
-Protect internal organs
-Provides frame/scaffolding to move/stand
-Stores minerals
-Produces blood cells
Types of bones
-Long
-Short
-Flat
-Irregular
Where is blood made
Bone marrow
Connective tissue in skeletal system
-Bone
-Ligament
-Cartilage
Ligament
-Tough
-Elastic
-Hold joints together
Cartilage
-Specialized cells in matrix of collagen fibers
-Strong
-Flexible
-Low friction
-Support for bones/tissue
Exoskeleton
Hard covering on outside of body
Endoskeleton
Internal skeleton
Invertebrates
Have no support structure
Osteoporosis
-Loss of bone tissue that makes bones weak/brittle
-Causes no pain
-Detected with density test
Digestive system
Takes in food, digests it and gets rid of remaining waste
Digestive tract
-Mouth
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Large intestine
-Small intestine
-Anus
Accessory organs in digestive system
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas
Mouth
Break down food
Esophagus
Connects mouth to stomach
Stomach
Hold food, churn it and then continue digestive process
Small intestine
Where most digestion happens, absorption of nutrients
Large intestine
Absorbs water from food that can’t be digested
Liver
Produces bile which breaks down fat in food
Pancreas
Produces insulin which helps regulate blood sugar
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Tissue in digestive system
-Epithelial
-Muscle
-Connective
-Nerve
Main function of accessory organs in digestive system
Supplies digestive enzymes
Average size of small intestine
6 meters
Nutrients do not pass through…
Accessory organs
Colon Cancer
Malignant growth in lower intestine, diagnosed with endoscopy
Circulatory system function
Circulates substances around body
Parts of circulatory system
-Lungs
-Heart
-Artery
-Veins
Capillary
Where gas exchange occurs in lungs or tissue
Heart
Pump blood throughout body
Vein
Carries blood towards heart (Not oxygenated)
Artery
Carries blood away from the heart (Oxygenated)
Blood
Carry oxygen throughout body
Blood vessels
Carry blood throughout body
Heart tissue
-Cardiac muscle
-Nerve
-Connective
Blood tissue
Connective
Blood vessel tissue
Connective, muscle
Parts of blood
-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
-Platelets
-Plasma
Parts of blood vessels
-Artery
-Vein
-Capillary
Coronary Artery Disease
Plaque builds up in artery, caused by genetics or poor life choices, x-ray
Respiratory System
Gas exchange
Parts of respiratory system
-Nasal cavity
-Mouth
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli
-Diaphragm
-Capillaries
Alveoli
How oxygen gets into blood
Diaphragm
Where breathing is controlled my contraction and relaxation of muscle
Larynx
Contains vocal chords. Used for breathing/swallowing/talking
Pharynx
Connects mouth, nose and throat
Trachea
Allows passage of inhaled and exhaled air in and out of lung
Lungs
Allow us to breathe
Bronchi
Tubes that connect trachea to lungs
Bronchiols
Tiny branch of air tubes in lungs
Tuberculosis
Caused by bacteria that enter body through breathing, can grow and spread, diagnose with x-ray
Fish respiratory system
-Gills have capillaries,
-Diffuse oxygen from water into blood
How to swing a baseball bat
-See baseball w/ eyes
-Light signals sent via optic nerves (PNS)
-CNS
-Brain (Vision center)
-CNS
-PNS
-Voluntary muscles
-Muscles contract
-Swing bat
Systems in plants
-Root system
-Shoot system
Root system
-Anchors plant
-Absorbs nutrients/water
-Sometimes stores nutrients
Shoot system
-Mainly responsible for photosynthesis
-Produces flowers for sexual reproduction
Tissues in plants
-Dermal
-Vascular
-Root
Dermal Tissue
-Epidermal/periderm tissue
-Thin layer of cells that cover surface of leaves/roots/stems
Types of vascular tissue
-Xylem
-Phloem
Vascular tissue
Transports nutrients/water/dissolved minerals/other chemicals around plant
Xylem
Transports dissolved minerals/water
Phloem
Transports solutions of sugars produced by photosynthesis
Cuticle
Keeps leaf from drying out; prevents direct diffusion
Stomate
How gas enters/exits
Guard cells
Controls opening/closing of stomate
Mersitem
Unspecialized plant cells
GMO
-Best traits
-Can produce substances normally in other substances
-Transfer DNA for organism to organism
Palisade layer/spongy mesophyll
Photosynthesis
Apical meristems
-Root/Shoot tips
-Makes them longer
Lateral meristems
-In woody plants
-New vascular tissue/epidermal making stem wider
Most important organelle in mitosis
Centriole
13- Which of organs would you find peristalsis occurring
-Esophagus
-Small intestines
17 - step 2 is best example of
-Mitosis
-Cellular differentiation
18 - tissue only in animal systems
Connective
Pros of GMO
-Less hunger
-More nutritional value
-Grow in extreme circumstances
-More money for farmers
Cons of GMO
-Unsure of long term affects
-Pesticides used over entire field
Heliotropism
Reaction to sunlight
Reproduction of plants
-Sexual
-Non sexual
Sexual reproduction of plants
Cross pollination
Asexual plant reproduction
-Self pollination
-Vegetative reproduction
-Tissue culture propagation
Tissue culture propagation
Taking part of plant and replanting it so it grows into another plant
Self pollination
Pollen goes from anther to the stigma, down the stem (Same plant)
Epithelial Tissue
Thin sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs
Epithelial Function
-Protection from dehydration
-Low friction surface
Connective tissue
Various cells/fibers held by liquid/solid gel known as matrix
Connective function
-Support
-Insulation
Muscle tissue
Cells capable of contraction
Muscle tissue function
Movement
Nerve tissue
Conducts electrical impulses
Nerve tissue function
-Sensory
-Bodily communication
-Coordination of body functions
