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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Life processes

A

*Requires energy
*Grow
*Repair
*Reproduce
*Responds to environment
*Life span
*Produce waste
*Made of cell(s)

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

•All living things are made of cells
•Cell is the basic unit of life that can carry life processes
•Cells form from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

Prokaryote

A

No nucleus

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4
Q

Eukaryote

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

•Only one parent
•Offspring is identical to parent
•Binary fission

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

•Produces offspring from 2 parents
•Genetic info from each parent

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7
Q

Repair

A

•Shed dead skin —> replaced

> Red blood cells replaced every 120 days
Stomach lining damaged by stomach acid every 3 days

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8
Q

Growth

A

•Does not simply increase in size
•Must have multiple cells

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9
Q

Why is growth important?

A

•Ineffecient not to
•Chemicals need to move in/out/through cell

*Size of cell limited by surface area to volume ratio (bigger = better)

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

Chemicals from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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12
Q

Cell cycle

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokenesis

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13
Q

Interphase

A

Cell completes normal functions

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14
Q

G1

A

Initial growth

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15
Q

Synthesis phase

A

DNA is copied

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16
Q

G2

A

•Adds extra cytoplasm/organelles
•Preps for cell division

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell divides

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18
Q

Prophase

A

•Membrane begins to disappear
•centrosomes move towards poles
•spindle fibers begin to form
•strands of chromatin condense into chromosomes

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19
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers form in cytoplasm and push chromosomes towards middle

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20
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart into chromatid at centromere and are drawn to either end of cell

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21
Q

Telophase

A

•Membrane reforms
•Chromatid/daughter cells begin to uncoil

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22
Q

Cytokenesis

A

•Elongated cells are pinched apart into daughter cells (animal)
•DNA uncoils into chromatin

*Cell plate forms in plant cells

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23
Q

Metastasis

A

Cancerous cell breaks away and travels to different location

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24
Q

Systems cancer metasis via

A

Lymphatic, circulatory

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25
Q

Factors to determine cancer treatment

A

Progression, size, type

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26
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of drugs or chemicals to treat cancer, generally when it’s in multiple locations

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27
Q

Radiation

A

•Cause cell to stop replicating
•Slow their growth rate
•Shrink them
•Kill remaining cells after surgery

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28
Q

Chromatid

A

One of two identical strands of DNA that make up chromosomes

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29
Q

Chromosome

A

Structure in cell nucleus made up of a portion of cell’s DNA

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30
Q

Centromere

A

Structure that holds chromatids together as chromosomes

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31
Q

Centriole

A

Allows spindle fibers to form

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32
Q

Chromatin

A

Package long DNA into compact structures

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33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generates chemical energy

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34
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores water

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35
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores DNA, command center

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36
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

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37
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Keeps organelles in place

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38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape

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39
Q

Chloroplast

A

Perform photosynthesis

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40
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides structural support, semi-permeable surface

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41
Q

Lysomes

A

Break down excess cell parts

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42
Q

Ribosome

A

Produces protein

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43
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Produces protein for other cells

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44
Q

Golgi body

A

Processes proteins from ER and sorts for transport to eventual destinations

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45
Q

X-ray

A

•Uses radiation to create image
•View parts of body (e.g. bones)

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46
Q

CAT Scan

A

Takes multiple x-rays of body from different angles

Tumors, internal injury

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47
Q

Ultrasound

A

Uses soundwaves to create an image

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48
Q

MRI

A

•Uses radio waves and strong magnetic field to create an image more detailed than CAT
•3D
•Joint injuries

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49
Q

PET scan

A

Made of tiny fiber optic cables to deliver tiny, light camera that sends image to screen

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50
Q

Microscopy

A

Uses microscope to view things the eye can’t

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51
Q

Apoptosis

A

DNA is damaged beyond repaired and destroyed

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52
Q

When should a cell remain in interphase?

A

•Signals from other cells tell it not to replicate
•Not enough nutrients for cell growth
•DNA hasn’t replicated
•DNA has been damaged

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53
Q

Benign tumor

A

Does not affect other tissue aside from crowding

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54
Q

Malignant tumor

A

•Interferes with surrounding cells
•Can travel through blood vessels
•Cancerous

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55
Q

Isotonic

A

Balance of concentration

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56
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution has lower solute concentration than cell

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57
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution has higher solute concentration than cell

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58
Q

Stem cells

A

-Least specialized cell
-Can become any type of cell

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59
Q

Where to find stem cells

A

-Bone marrow
-Inside umbilical cord
-Blastocyst

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60
Q

What diseases can stem cells help treat

A

-Parkinsons
-Cancer
-Heart disease
-Diabetes
-Hearing/vision loss
-Bone diseases

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61
Q

Regenerative medicin

A

Stem cells used to replace bodily tissue

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62
Q

Type of stem cells

A

-Tissue specific
-Pluripotent/embryonic
-Induced pluripotent

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63
Q

Tissue Specific

A

Replace existing cells in your organs as they wear out/die

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64
Q

Pluripotent/Embryonic

A

Can be grown in any tissue in body

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65
Q

Induced pluripotent

A

Regular cells that scientists have changed to behave like embryonic stem cells

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66
Q

Specialized cell

A

-Physical/chemical difference allow to perform specific task
-Look very different
-Occurs in plants/animals

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67
Q

How do cells become specialized

A

Cellular differentiation

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68
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

Process which less specialized cells become more specialized

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69
Q

Most specialized cells

A

Muscle cells

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70
Q

First transplant

A

Kidney in identical twins, 1954

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71
Q

Organ

A

Structure made of two or more tissues to perform specific task

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72
Q

Regeneration

A

-Ability of a tissue being able to repair itself
-Some animals can regenerate

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73
Q

Tissue engeneering

A

-Done invitro in a lab
-Can use cells from individual/scaffolding to reproduce tissue/organ

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74
Q

Sources for organs

A

-Living donors
-Dead donors
-Xenotransplantation
-Stem cells

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75
Q

Muscular system

A

Consists of specialized cells called muscle fibers that contain specialized proteins

76
Q

What do proteins cause in muscular system

A

-Muscle to contract when signaled by nerve
-Cells get shorter/thicker when contracted

77
Q

Type of muscle tissue

A

-Skeletal muscle tissue (Voluntary movement)
-Smooth muscle tissue (Involuntary, digestive system)
-Cardiac muscle tissue (Involuntary)

78
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Thickening of heart muscle

79
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Weakens muscle

80
Q

Dendrite

A

Where neuron gets signals

81
Q

Soma

A

Neuron body

82
Q

Axon

A

Where signals are sent

83
Q

Axon terminal

A

Where the neuron ends

84
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where neuron and axon meet

85
Q

Shwan cell

A

Insulating cells

86
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Plural for shwan cells

87
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Spaces between myelin sheath

88
Q

Central Nervous system

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

89
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves that carry signals from central nervous system throughout body

90
Q

Nerves peripheral nervous system controls

A

-Voluntary movement
-Involuntary movement
-Sensory organs

91
Q

Sensory receptors

A

-Specialized cells that receive input from external environment
-Information from different nerves go to different sensory regions of brain

92
Q

Eye

A

Light receptors

93
Q

Muscles

A

Pressure receptors

94
Q

Skin

A

Temperature receptors

95
Q

MS (Multiple Scelrosis)

A

-Disease in immune system
-Attacks myelin sheath in CNS
-Worsens over time

96
Q

Skeletal system includes

A

-Bones
-Joints

97
Q

Skeletal system function

A

-Protect internal organs
-Provides frame/scaffolding to move/stand
-Stores minerals
-Produces blood cells

98
Q

Types of bones

A

-Long
-Short
-Flat
-Irregular

99
Q

Where is blood made

A

Bone marrow

100
Q

Connective tissue in skeletal system

A

-Bone
-Ligament
-Cartilage

101
Q

Ligament

A

-Tough
-Elastic
-Hold joints together

102
Q

Cartilage

A

-Specialized cells in matrix of collagen fibers
-Strong
-Flexible
-Low friction
-Support for bones/tissue

103
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Hard covering on outside of body

104
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Internal skeleton

105
Q

Invertebrates

A

Have no support structure

106
Q

Osteoporosis

A

-Loss of bone tissue that makes bones weak/brittle
-Causes no pain
-Detected with density test

107
Q

Digestive system

A

Takes in food, digests it and gets rid of remaining waste

108
Q

Digestive tract

A

-Mouth
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Large intestine
-Small intestine
-Anus

109
Q

Accessory organs in digestive system

A

-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas

110
Q

Mouth

A

Break down food

111
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects mouth to stomach

112
Q

Stomach

A

Hold food, churn it and then continue digestive process

113
Q

Small intestine

A

Where most digestion happens, absorption of nutrients

114
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorbs water from food that can’t be digested

115
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile which breaks down fat in food

116
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin which helps regulate blood sugar

117
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

118
Q

Tissue in digestive system

A

-Epithelial
-Muscle
-Connective
-Nerve

119
Q

Main function of accessory organs in digestive system

A

Supplies digestive enzymes

120
Q

Average size of small intestine

A

6 meters

121
Q

Nutrients do not pass through…

A

Accessory organs

122
Q

Colon Cancer

A

Malignant growth in lower intestine, diagnosed with endoscopy

123
Q

Circulatory system function

A

Circulates substances around body

124
Q

Parts of circulatory system

A

-Lungs
-Heart
-Artery
-Veins

125
Q

Capillary

A

Where gas exchange occurs in lungs or tissue

126
Q

Heart

A

Pump blood throughout body

127
Q

Vein

A

Carries blood towards heart (Not oxygenated)

128
Q

Artery

A

Carries blood away from the heart (Oxygenated)

129
Q

Blood

A

Carry oxygen throughout body

130
Q

Blood vessels

A

Carry blood throughout body

131
Q

Heart tissue

A

-Cardiac muscle
-Nerve
-Connective

132
Q

Blood tissue

A

Connective

133
Q

Blood vessel tissue

A

Connective, muscle

134
Q

Parts of blood

A

-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
-Platelets
-Plasma

135
Q

Parts of blood vessels

A

-Artery
-Vein
-Capillary

136
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Plaque builds up in artery, caused by genetics or poor life choices, x-ray

137
Q

Respiratory System

A

Gas exchange

138
Q

Parts of respiratory system

A

-Nasal cavity
-Mouth
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli
-Diaphragm
-Capillaries

139
Q

Alveoli

A

How oxygen gets into blood

140
Q

Diaphragm

A

Where breathing is controlled my contraction and relaxation of muscle

141
Q

Larynx

A

Contains vocal chords. Used for breathing/swallowing/talking

142
Q

Pharynx

A

Connects mouth, nose and throat

143
Q

Trachea

A

Allows passage of inhaled and exhaled air in and out of lung

144
Q

Lungs

A

Allow us to breathe

145
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes that connect trachea to lungs

146
Q

Bronchiols

A

Tiny branch of air tubes in lungs

147
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Caused by bacteria that enter body through breathing, can grow and spread, diagnose with x-ray

148
Q

Fish respiratory system

A

-Gills have capillaries,
-Diffuse oxygen from water into blood

149
Q

How to swing a baseball bat

A

-See baseball w/ eyes
-Light signals sent via optic nerves (PNS)
-CNS
-Brain (Vision center)
-CNS
-PNS
-Voluntary muscles
-Muscles contract
-Swing bat

150
Q

Systems in plants

A

-Root system
-Shoot system

151
Q

Root system

A

-Anchors plant
-Absorbs nutrients/water
-Sometimes stores nutrients

152
Q

Shoot system

A

-Mainly responsible for photosynthesis
-Produces flowers for sexual reproduction

153
Q

Tissues in plants

A

-Dermal
-Vascular
-Root

154
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

-Epidermal/periderm tissue
-Thin layer of cells that cover surface of leaves/roots/stems

155
Q

Types of vascular tissue

A

-Xylem
-Phloem

156
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports nutrients/water/dissolved minerals/other chemicals around plant

157
Q

Xylem

A

Transports dissolved minerals/water

158
Q

Phloem

A

Transports solutions of sugars produced by photosynthesis

159
Q

Cuticle

A

Keeps leaf from drying out; prevents direct diffusion

160
Q

Stomate

A

How gas enters/exits

161
Q

Guard cells

A

Controls opening/closing of stomate

162
Q

Mersitem

A

Unspecialized plant cells

163
Q

GMO

A

-Best traits
-Can produce substances normally in other substances
-Transfer DNA for organism to organism

164
Q

Palisade layer/spongy mesophyll

A

Photosynthesis

165
Q

Apical meristems

A

-Root/Shoot tips
-Makes them longer

166
Q

Lateral meristems

A

-In woody plants
-New vascular tissue/epidermal making stem wider

167
Q

Most important organelle in mitosis

A

Centriole

168
Q

13- Which of organs would you find peristalsis occurring

A

-Esophagus
-Small intestines

169
Q

17 - step 2 is best example of

A

-Mitosis
-Cellular differentiation

170
Q

18 - tissue only in animal systems

A

Connective

171
Q

Pros of GMO

A

-Less hunger
-More nutritional value
-Grow in extreme circumstances
-More money for farmers

172
Q

Cons of GMO

A

-Unsure of long term affects
-Pesticides used over entire field

173
Q

Heliotropism

A

Reaction to sunlight

174
Q

Reproduction of plants

A

-Sexual
-Non sexual

175
Q

Sexual reproduction of plants

A

Cross pollination

176
Q

Asexual plant reproduction

A

-Self pollination
-Vegetative reproduction
-Tissue culture propagation

177
Q

Tissue culture propagation

A

Taking part of plant and replanting it so it grows into another plant

178
Q

Self pollination

A

Pollen goes from anther to the stigma, down the stem (Same plant)

179
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Thin sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs

180
Q

Epithelial Function

A

-Protection from dehydration
-Low friction surface

181
Q

Connective tissue

A

Various cells/fibers held by liquid/solid gel known as matrix

182
Q

Connective function

A

-Support
-Insulation

183
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Cells capable of contraction

184
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

Movement

185
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Conducts electrical impulses

186
Q

Nerve tissue function

A

-Sensory
-Bodily communication
-Coordination of body functions

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