Med Tech Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Primary Vital Signs
A
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
Temperature
2
Q
Avg. Heart rate
A
60-99 bpm
3
Q
Avg. Temp
A
36.8 +/-0.7 degrees c
4
Q
Avg Blood pressure
A
120/80 mmHg
5
Q
Avg Resp. rate
A
12-16 breaths/minute
6
Q
Avg. Oxygen Saturation
A
95-100%
7
Q
Avg. blood pH
A
7.3-7.5
8
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintaining relatively constant internal conditions within a narrow range
9
Q
Thermoregulate
A
How we maintain relatively constant core temperature
10
Q
Vasodilation
A
-Blood vessels will dilate (Cools us down)
11
Q
Vasoconstriction
A
-Blood vessels will constrict (Warms us up)
12
Q
Hyperthermia
A
Loss of thermoregulation due to heat stroke
13
Q
Infection
A
Temporary resetting the thermostat (Innate immunity)
14
Q
Malignant hyperthermia
A
Severe reaction to medication used during general anesthesia
15
Q
Hypothermia
A
Loss of thermoregulation due to cold, shut down of organs
16
Q
Raynaud’s syndrome
A
Spasms within arteries restricting blood flow
17
Q
Places to take temp.
A
Axillary
Rectally
Orally
Ear
Core (Skin)
18
Q
Bradycardia
A
Below 60bpm
19
Q
Tachycardia
A
Above 100bpm
20
Q
Arrythmia
A
Abnormal beat (eg. skipping beats)
21
Q
Pulse points
A
Carotid (neck)
Femoral (Groin)
Ulnar (wrist)
Radial (Below thumb)
Brachial (Inner elbow)
Posterior tibial (Ankle)
Dorsalis pedis (Top of foot)
External maxillary (Jaw)
Superficial temporal (Temples)
22
Q
Systolic
A
Maximal contraction (ventricular) of heart
23
Q
Diastolic
A
Resting pressure
24
Q
Factors in blood pressure
A
Blood vessel diameter
Hormones from kidneys/brain
25
Instruments used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer/stethoscope
26
Hypertension
High blood pressure
-Risk for strokes/heart attack/heart failure
-Shortens life expectancy
-Caused by obesity/salt sensitivity/coronary artery disease
27
Hypotension
Low blood pressure
-Chronically w/ no symptoms is not severe
-Dizziness/fainting
-Caused by hormonal changes/widening of blood vessels/blood loss, etc.
28
Syncope
Fainting
-Comes on quickly
-Does not last long
-Spontaneous recovery
29
Postural hypotension
Rising from a lying down/sitting position to a standing one
30
Neurally mediated hypotension
Standing for long period of time
31
Vasovagal syncope
Leads to fainting
32
Increases resp. rate
Fever/illness
Medical conditions
33
Eupnea
Normal breathing rate/pattern
34
Tachypnea
Increased respiratory rate
35
Bradypnea
Decreased respiratory rate
36
Apnea
Absence of breathing
37
Hyperpnea
Increased depth and rate of breathing
38
Spirometer
Measures lung capacity (centimeters cubed)
-Finds cause of shortness of breath
-Rules out lung disease like asthma, bronchitis
39
Tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled/exhaled without effort
40
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Max volume of air inhaled with effort on top of normal tidal volume
41
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Max volume of air that can be exhaled with effort on top of normal tidal volume
42
Vital capacity
Total volume of air that can be exhaled after max inhalitation
43
Residual volume
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a max inhalation. Lungs always need some amount of air
44
Total lung capacity
Vital capacity plus residual volume
45
Larger volume
-Taller people
-MEN.
-Adults
-People living at higher altitudes
-Fit people
46
Smaller volume
-Shorter people
-Women
-Children
-Living at lower altitudes
-Obesity
47
Auscultation
Listening to internal body sounds
48
Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
a test that checks how
your heart is functioning by measuring the electrical activity of
the heart. With each heart beat, an electrical impulse (or
wave) travels through your heart
49
Blood flow (Oxygen poor)
Body - Venae cava - Right atrium - tricuspid valve -right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs
50
Blood flow (Oxygen rich)
Returns to heart from lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - body
51
Lub
Closing of the atrioventricular valves (bicuspid/tricuspid) as blood is pumped from atria to ventricles
52
Dub
Semilunar valves and aortic as blood is pumped from ventricles into arteries
53
Sinoatrial node
Pacemaker generates electrical signal that spreads over the atria to make them contract at the same time
-As atria contract, signal reaches atrioventricular node
54
Cardiac cycle
Atrioventricular node transmits electrical signal through bundle of his, which relays the signal to two branches of bundles that divide into Purkinje fibers
-Contracts all cells of ventricles at same time
55
Where to place EKG
Intercostal spaces (between ribs)
56
Heart rate off of EKG
300 divided by # of big boxes
57
Duration of big box in EKG
0.20 seconds
58
Small box duration EKG
0.04 seconds
59
Breathing
Taking of air in and out of lungs
60
Gas exchange
Intake of oxygen and excretion of CO2 at lungs surface. Oxygen moves in, CO2 moves out
61
Cellular respiration
Process that releases energy from food, happens in all cells
62
How does age affect BP
Increase with age (Plaque build up)
63
How does high salt diet affect BP
Increases, more water, more water volume (water retention)
64
How does dehydration affect BP
Decreases, less water, less water volume
65
How does anaphylaxis affect BP
Decreases, vasodilation is an immune response, allowing increase of WBC
66
Systole
Heart contracts to force blood through arteries
67
How does epinephrine affect BP
Increases, is a vasoconstrictor
68
hbA1c
Blood glucose test
69
P wave
SA nodes fire, atria squeezes
70
PQ
AV nodes pauses
71
QRS wave
Ventricle squeezes
72
T wave
Ventricle relaxes
73
Atrial fibrillation
-Smaller line is irregular
-Dangerous if untreated
-Can live normally if treated
74
Asystole
Heart not beating (Flat lining)
75
Avg. blood glucose level
4.7-6.3 mmol/L
76
A1c test
Average glucose levels after 2-3 months
77
Stroke
Problems w/ blood vessels in brain where cells are deprived of oxygen/glucose
78
Ischemic stroke
More common
-Blockage
79
Hemorrhagic stroke
Burst
80
Glasgow coma scale
Measures level of consciousness
81
Signs of stroke
Face drooping
Arms (Can you raise both)
Speech (Is it slurred)
Time to call 911
82
Ectotherm
Environment regulates internal temp.
83
Endotherm
Environment does not regulate temp.
84
Feedback loop
series of reactions either to amplify (positive feedback) or counter (negative feedback) a stimulus
85
Parts of feedback loop
Stimulus - sensor - integrator - effector - response - feedback
86
Feedback for high temp.
Body temp is >37.5 - thermoreceptors (Type of neuron) - hypothalamus in brain - vasodilation - evaporative cooling - decrease temp.
87
Feedback for low temp.
Body temp <36.1 - thermoreceptors - hypothalamus in brain - muscles contract, creating goosebumps - traps heat in skin - temp increases
88
Positive feedback
Baby's head pushing on cervix (Increase of pressure) - mechanoreceptors detect change in pressure - hypothalamus - Release hormone (Oxytocin) - Oxytocin causes uterus to start contracting - increase in pressure
89
Lethargy
Difficulty maintaining aroused state, can be aroused with little difficulty
90
Obtundation
Decreased arousal, responsive to stimuli, cannot be fully aroused
91
Stupor
Responsive to pain, but not other stimuli
92
Coma
Unresponsive even to painful stimuli
93
Wheezing
Caused by narrowing of airways
-Associated w/ asthma/bronchitis/pneumonia/etc.
-High pitched, whistle-like sound heard during exhalation
94
Rhonchi
-Like a wheeze with a lower pitch
-Snoring/moaning like quality
-Occurs in bronchi when air moves through tracheal-bronchial passages coated w/ mucous
95
Stridor
-High pitched, heard on inspiration
-Person is choking/ has infection/swelling of throat
-Sounds like a god damn seal
96
Crackles
-Heard when lung has fluid in small airways
-Heard on inspiration and expiration
-If heard early, signs of chronic bronchitis
-Late indicates pneumonia
-Fine crackles sound like wood being burned on fireplace
-Coarse crackles sound like bubbling or ripping open velcro
97
Pneumophorax
Loss of breathing in an area (Lung collapsed)
-No air
98
Medical imaging
Being able to see the inside of the body without surgery
99
Coronal plane
Divides body into front and back sections
100
Sagittal plane
Divides body into left and right section
*Median is when they are equal left and right sides
101
Axial plane
Divides body into upper and lower segments
102
Ultrasound
-No radiation
-Sends high frequency sound waves into the body. Echoes bounce back to form image (Sound is above human hearing)
-Best for soft tissue/blood flow
-Tissue = grey, fluid = black, bone = white
-Can be 2D or 3D
103
Color doppler imaging
-Applied to enable vascular flow to be identified in a color coded display which determines direction of flow
-Deep red (low velocity)/bright yellow (high velocity) = Towards the transducer
-Deep blue (low velocity)/Cyan (High velocity) = Away from the transducer
104
Nuchal Translucency Fold
-Helps diagnose down syndrome
-Done at 11-14 weeks of pregnancy (fetus is 45-84 mm from crown to rump)
<2.5 mm = normal
Mean thickness = 1.30 +0.54 mm
105
Electromagnetic Radiation
-Forms of energy, some on visible spectrum (Light)
-Some can be damaging to DNA in high energy/high frequency waves above color spectrum
106
X-Rays
-Oldest form of medical imaging
-Found by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895
-High-energy electromagnetic waves that pass through soft tissue but are absorbed by dense tissue
-Black = Air
-Dark Grey = Fat
-Light Grey = Soft Tissue
-Off-white = Bone
-Bright white = Meta
107
Fluoroscopy
Uses x-rays and a fluorescent screen to obtain real-time images of movement within the body or to view diagnostic processes
108
Mammograms
A radiograph of the breast that is used for cancer detection and diagnosis.
109
CT Scans
Combines traditional x-ray technology with computer processing to generate a series of cross-sectional images of the body that can later be combined to form a three dimensional x-ray image
*More detail than x-ray
110
Most popular x-ray use
Dental x-rays
111
Nodule
lesion less than 3 cm in size and not
associated with atelectasis.
112
Mass
Legion greater than 3cm in diameter
113
Atelectasis
Partially collapsed lung
114
Pneumonia
an infection that inflames the alveoli in one or both lungs
*May fill with pus/fluid causing coughing up phlegm, fevers/chills and difficulty breathing
115
Computerized Axial Tomography Scans (CT)
-An X-ray machine rotates around the patient taking hundreds of individual pictures form many angles
-Computer re-assembles the picture into a 3-D image, allowing for organs to be viewed section-by-section
*May use a contrasting dye such as iodine (blood vessels) or barium (digestive system)
116
Pathology
study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs/tissue samples, body fluids or whole body
117
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to create a detailed, cross- sectional image of internal organs and structures.
118
CT vs MRI
-CT uses radiation
-CT is shorter in time
-CT has less chance of claustrophobia
-MRI does not have radiation
-MRI dangerous for people w/metal implants
-MRI may cause claustrophobia
0MRI longer duration
119
Nuclear medicine
Measures radiation emitted from within the body and provides information about the
function of the organ, not just its structure
*uses radioisotopes called tracers (unstable atoms) are injected into the target organ for imaging
120
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
used to diagnose and track the progression of heart disease
121
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
detect cancer and monitor its progression, response to treatment, and to detect metastases
122
Angiography
Injects contrast dye (iodine isotope) into blood vessel, type of x-ray
123
Coronary Bypass surgery
-Take vessel from arm/leg/body
-Surgery; saw lungs in half to get to heart
-Sew vessel onto heart so that blood will flow around the blockage
-Metal to hold the ribcage until healed
124
ABCDEFG of chest x-ray
Assessment of quality (Is it a good image)
Bones (Any fractures/breaks/legions)
Cardiac (Size of heart, where is heart)
Diaphragm (Is it curved or flat)
Effusions (Costophrenic angles)
lung Fields (3 lobes on right, 2 on left, any abnormalities)
Great vessels
125
Blood Can Be Very Bad
CT scans
Blood - look for hematomas (LS should = RS)
Cisterns - Ring around mid brain
Brain - Look for blood, bone grey/white contrast
Ventricles - Ventricle hemorrhages
Bone - skull fractures
126
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease, body attacks/destroys outer cells of neuron (shwan cells) creating hard plaque
127
Tracer
Radioactive tagged sugar
128
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
Detect malignant lesions including cancer
129
Incidentalomas
Not real issues appear as issues (High chance in full body scans)
130
Endoscopy
-Used for examination of digestive system using a camera
-8-12 hours no food/drink in advance
-48 hours no dyed food in advance
-Colonoscopy is 1 week prep in advance
131
Celiac disease
Autoimmune disease where body attacks/destroys the villi of the small intestine in response to gluten
132
Features of celiac disease
-Scalloping
-Mosaic pattern
-No villi
-Reduced duodenal folds
133
Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease that can range from mild to debilitating
134
Ulcers
open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine
135
Signs of colon cancer
Polyps (Tumors appearing like bumps/mushroom stalks)
136
Miomechanics
Science of movement of a living body, including how muscles/bones/tendons/ligaments work to produce movement
137
Biomechatronics
Science of using mechanical devices with human muscles/skeleton/nervous system to enhance or assist motor control
-Can receive signals and send sensory signals back to user
138
Aristotle
Father of kinesiology
139
Prosthetics
Science of creating artificial body parts
140
Prosthesis
The artificial parts themselves
141
Orthotic
Device used to enhance a person's limb
142
Cosmesis
For appearance without function
143
Uses for prosthetics
-Life support
-Improvement of self-care abilities
-Improvement of social abilities
-Cosmetic restoration
144
What to consider when making Implanted Medical Device (IMD)?
-Durability
-Sterile
-Longevity
-Weight
-Toxicity
-Removing it
145
Artificial organs
Man made device that is implanted into body to enhance or replace an organ
146
Pacemaker
Send electrical impulses to a body part
147
Brain pacemaker
Sends electrical impulses to relieve depression
148
Artificial cardiac pacemaker
Electronic device that helps to keep the heart contractions regular when SA node has a skill issue
149
Most common valve to be repaired
Mitral
150
Most common valve to be replaced
Aortic
151
Mechanical Valve
-Lasts 25+ years
-Must take blood thinners
-Made of carbon and steel
152
Tissue valve
-Lasts 10-15 years
-No risk of blood clotting
-Cow/pig tissue = xenograft
-Human tissue = homograft
153
Cochlear implants
Implant - Converts digital info. into electrical signals and sends to tiny electrodes in cochlea
Sound processor - Picks up and filters sound
*OHIP pays 75% of cost
154
Artificial hearts
-Only last 30 days
155
Artificial lungs
Difficult to create, has worked in sheep
156
Left Ventricular Assist Device (L-VAD)
Helps pump blood from left ventricle to rest of body. Control unit battery pack worn around body.
157
Total Artificial Heart (TAH)
If both ventricles fail
158
Issues with med. tech.
-Difficult to access records and know of risks
-Insulin pumps caused most deaths
-Issues are often overlooked/ignored
159
Prosthetic eye
-Can not restore vision
*Last 6 years
160
Bionic eye
-Restores some sight
161
Eye transplant
Cornea
162
Cosmetic surgery
Allows person to altar body
163
Plastic surgery
reconstructive surgery of body
164
Skin grafts
Piece of healthy skin is transplanted to new location of body
165
autograft
When skin comes from yourself
166
Isograft
Skin taken from some1 with the same genes
167
allograft
Skin taken from some1 who is not genetically identical to receiver
168
xenograft
Skin taken from another species
169
Common surgery risks
-Death
-Keloid scarring
-Bleeding problems during surgery (hemorrhages)
-Delayed healing
-Infection
170
Toxic metals in metal implants
Cobalt, chromium
171
Metallosis
Caused by build up and shedding of metal debris
172
Signs of metal poisoning
-Depression
-Insomnia
-Loss of appetite
-Pain
173
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
-Allows infertile people to have babies
-Some countries use for sex selection, resulting in skewed sex ratios and accompanying social problems
174
Why does body reject donated organs
Human Leukocyte Antigen
175
Glutaraldehyde
Preserves stuff
176
Biofeedback
electronic monitoring of a normally automatic bodily function is used to train someone to acquire voluntary control of that function
177
Acupuncture
a system of integrative medicine that involves pricking the skin or tissues with needles, used to alleviate pain and to treat various physical, mental, and emotional condition
178
Homeopathy
the treatment of disease by minute doses of natural substances that in a healthy person would produce symptoms of disease
179
Naturopathic
a system of treatment of disease that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural
agents (such as air, water, and herbs) and physical means (such as tissue manipulation and electrotherapy)
180
Chiropractic/osteopathic
system of integrative medicine based on the diagnosis and manipulative treatment of
misalignments of the joints, especially those of the spinal column
181
Aboriginal healing practices
broad term that describes the many different healing traditions within the different
belief systems in Canada’s Aboriginal cultures. Aboriginal traditional healing has been used by Aboriginal peoples for
thousands of years.
182
Chinese or oriental medicine
is an ancient medical system that takes a deep understanding of the laws and patterns
of nature and applies them to the human body.
183
Massage
relieve joint and muscle pain through rubbing, pressure points, stretching
184
Ayurveda
healthy-lifestyle system that people in India have used for more than 5,000 years
185
Biosensors
devices that measures biological or
chemical reactions by generating signals
proportional the reaction
186
Biomedical engineering
broad field, and one area is the application of ECE (electrical and computer
engineering) technology to the field of medicine
187
Biological engineering
broad field, and graduates can pursue a career in several fields, including food safety, bioinstrumentation, diagnostics and sensorics in bio-systems, biomechanics and ergonomics
188
Biomechanical engineering
bioengineering subdiscipline, which applies principles of mechanical engineering
to biological systems and stems from the scientific discipline of biomechanics
