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Microbiology > Pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology > Flashcards

Pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Illness caused by microbes ie. bacteria, fungi, virus, Protozoa

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Disease spread from person to person

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3
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

Subset of extremely communicable diseases, transmitted by physical contact, casual contact with their secretions or objects touched by them or airborne

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4
Q

What are carriers?

A

Infected but asymptotic, will be infectious forever

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5
Q

What is a local infection?

A

In a single spot on the body, local to that area ie. staphylococcal impetigo infection

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6
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

Affects the whole body

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7
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Really nasty for a short amount of time and then either recover or die ie. influenza and mumps

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8
Q

What is chronic disease?

A

Slow onset and long duration ie. leprosy and syphilis

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9
Q

What is latent (dormant) infection?

A

Infected but not currently sick ie. tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus

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10
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Pathogen is a microbe that makes you sick, it’s not part of the normal flora

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11
Q

Can normal flora act like a pathogen?

A

Yes, when it ‘moves house’

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12
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

A measure of how easily a bug can make you sick

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13
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

An infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available ie. host with a weakened immune system

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14
Q

What are the three factors of pathogenicity/virulence?

A
  • Transmission
  • Inflammation
  • Toxigenicity
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15
Q

Explain transmission

A

Infect the host and protect itself against the hosts defences

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16
Q

Explain inflammation

A

Invade and multiply in the tissue

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17
Q

Explain toxigenicity

A

Cause damage or destroy tissue

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18
Q

How is pathogenicity measured?

A

By the number of bugs required to cause disease

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19
Q

What is ID50?

A

Infectious dose 50%, the number of bugs required to cause disease in half the hosts

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20
Q

What does LD50 stand for?

A

Lethal dose 50%

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21
Q

Is a higher or lower LD50 said to be more virulent?

A

Lower as they require less bugs to cause death or disease

22
Q

What is Ro (R-naught)?

A

The measure of transmissibility, the number of people that one sick person will infect (on average)

23
Q

What is a good way to prevent infectious disease?

A

Interrupting the chain of disease

24
Q

What are the modes of transmission? (8 points)

A
  • respiratory droplets
  • dust
  • contaminated water
  • contaminated food
  • contact with contaminated objects
  • infection of contaminated soil eg. Standing on a nail
  • arthropod bites eg. Insects
  • contact with animals
25
Q

What are the portals of exit? (6 points)

A
  • coughing and sneezing
  • insect bites
  • skin cells and open lesions
  • urine
  • faeces
  • blood
26
Q

What are the two routes of transmission?

A
  • human to human

- non human to human

27
Q

Human to human transmission? (4 points)

A
  • direct contact
  • no direct contact
  • trans placental
  • blood borne
28
Q

Non human to human transmission? (5 points)

A
  • soil
  • water
  • food
  • animal/insect
  • Fomites (object)
29
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

Properties that enable a microorganism to establish itself on or within a host and enhance its potential to cause disease

30
Q

What are 3 types of virulence factors?

A
  • infectivity and morphological (shape) properties
  • invasion
  • toxin production
31
Q

What are the infectivity and morphological properties?

A
  • fimbriae
  • Pili
  • capsule
  • biofilm
32
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Small, finger like projections (hairs) around the outside of bacterial cells which helps it stick and be infectious

33
Q

What are pili?

A

Way to horizontally transmit genetic material between bacteria (sex pilus) ie. pass on information for antibiotic resistance etc

34
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A sticky like substance around the outside of a bacterial cell which makes it hard for phagocytosis to occur, makes it hard for cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis to occur.

35
Q

What is biofilm?

A

A thin but robust layer of mucilage adhering to a solid surface and containing a community of bacteria and other microorganisms

36
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that help invasion?

A
  • collagenase (breaks down collagen)
  • hyaluronidase (breaks down hyaluronic acid)
  • coagulase (accelerates clotting)
37
Q

What are the 2 types of toxin production?

A
  • exotoxins - secreted by some living pathogens
  • endotoxin - a toxin present inside the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria which is released when on cell lysis or death of the bacteria
38
Q

What is the chain of infection? (6 points)

A
  • causative agent
  • environment (reservoir of infection)
  • modes of transmission
  • portal of exit
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
39
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the frequency and distribution of diseases and the factors that contribute to their spread

40
Q

Endemic meaning?

A

Diseases present in the population in particular limited geographical areas

41
Q

Epidemic meaning?

A

Diseases that show a high incidence in a wider area, usually developing from an endemic focus

42
Q

Pandemic meaning?

A

Diseases distributed worldwide or over a very wide area, crossing international borders

43
Q

Sporadic disease meaning?

A

Neither endemic or epidemic, occurs only occasionally

44
Q

Reservoir of infection meaning?

A

Site where the pathogen can multiply or survive until it is transferred to its host

45
Q

Common source epidemic meaning?

A

Results from an infection of a large number of people from a common contaminated source such as food or water

46
Q

Host to host epidemic meaning?

A

Shows a relatively slow progression and a gradual decline ie. influenza

47
Q

Nosocomial or healthcare acquired infections (HAI) meaning?

A

Diseases that are contracted in a medical facility

48
Q

Zoonosis meaning?

A

Caused by pathogens that reproduce in both humans and animals

49
Q

The 4 stages of an infectious disease?

A
  • incubation
  • prodrome (not yet sick but feel it coming)
  • specific illness
  • recovery or death
50
Q

Epidemiological case study involves? (5 points)

A
  • history
  • transmission and contacts
  • symptoms/pathogenicity
  • treatment
  • control

Microbiology (14 decks)

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