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Microbiology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

3 ways in which we protect ourselves against disease?

A
  • active and passive protection
  • innate immunity
  • adaptable immunity
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2
Q

Examples of first line of defence?

A
  • skin
  • stomach acidity
  • normal flora
  • epithelial cells
  • blood and lymph proteins
  • flushing of urinary tract
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3
Q

What are the second line of defence? (2 points)

A
  • inflammation (localised)

- fever (systemic)

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4
Q

What are interferons?

A

Signalling proteins produced when you have a fever that strengthen your antiviral defences

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5
Q

What is the third line of defence?

A

The immune system

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6
Q

What are the two types of immune response?

A
  • innate

- adaptive

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7
Q

Characteristics of innate immune system? (6 points)

A
  • pre-formed
  • non-specific
  • immediate response
  • humoral (fluid based components)
  • cell mediated
  • no memory
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system? (5 points)

A
  • highly specific
  • several days to become active
  • humoral
  • cell mediated
  • memory (next response will be faster)
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9
Q

What are the humoral components of the innate immune system?

A
  • complement

- neutrophils

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10
Q

What are the humoral components of the adaptive immune response?

A
  • B-cells and antibodies
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11
Q

What are the main cells involved in the innate immune response?

A
  • macrophages

- natural killer cells

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12
Q

What are the main cells involved in the adaptative immune response?

A
  • T- helper cells

- cytotoxic T-cells

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13
Q

Where do the cells of the immune system come from?

A

Bone marrow stem cells

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14
Q

What are the two precursors that form the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A
  • myeloid (innate)

- lymphoid (adaptive)

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15
Q

What are macrophages and neutrophils?

A

Phagocytes

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16
Q

What can macrophages also do?

A

Act as antigen preserving cells, which can trigger the adaptive immune response

17
Q

What are PRR?

A

Patten recognition receptors

18
Q

What are PAMP’s?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

19
Q

What do PRR do?

A

Recognise PAMP’s on pathogens

20
Q

What do PAMP’s do?

A

Interact with the pathogen receptors (PPR) on phagocytes which stimulates phagocytosis

21
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill cells, they do this by releasing perforin or granzyme which poke holes in the walls of cells (lyse)

22
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A
  • antigen reactive B-cell phagocytoses pathogen
  • B-cell presents pathogen to MCH II receptor on a TH 2 (T helper) cell
  • TH 2 cell produces cytokines which activates the B-cells which then form lots of plasma which are antibody producing factories
23
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

When antibodies/immunoglobulins are secreted into the circulation and mucous fluids where they bind to and ‘neutralise’ microbes and microbial toxins to stop them from getting further into the body where they can cause real damage

24
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
25
Q

What are IgG antibodies?

A

Main serum antibody, indicates resolution of infection either by overcoming it or being immunised. Is able to cross the placenta.

26
Q

What are IgA antibodies?

A

Secretory antibody for mucosal surfaces

27
Q

What are IgM antibodies?

A

Released into plasma, indicates current infection

28
Q

What are IgE antibodies?

A

Associated with allergies and parasitic infections

29
Q

What are IgD antibodies?

A

Attached to B-cells and act as an antigen receptor

30
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

Infection initiates an adaptive immune response

31
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Where antibodies are transferred from mother to infant in utero and via breast milk

32
Q

What are 2 types of artificial immunity?

A
  • vaccination

- artificial passive immunity

33
Q

What are the two types of vaccines?

A
  • Live attenuated (rendered the virus less efficient)

- inactivated/synthetic

34
Q

What are the two types of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • viral

- bacterial

35
Q

What are the 3 types of inactivated/synthetic vaccines?

A
  • conjugate
  • DNA
  • toxoid

Microbiology (14 decks)

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