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Microbiology > Antimicrobials & Resistance > Flashcards

Antimicrobials & Resistance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 ways to kill microbes?

A
  • sterilisation
  • inhibition
  • decontamination
  • disinfection
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2
Q

What are the techniques of sterilisation?

A
  • heat
  • autoclaving
  • radiation
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3
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

The killing or removal of all viable organisms within a growth medium

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4
Q

What is inhibition?

A

Effectively limiting microbial growth

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5
Q

What is decontamination?

A

The treatment of an object to make it safe to handle

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6
Q

What is disinfection?

A

Directly targets the removal of all pathogens, not necessarily organisms

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7
Q

What is pasteurisation?

A

Process of using precisely controlled heat (not boiling) to reduce the microbial load in heat sensitive liquid

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8
Q

What is autoclaving?

A

Sealed chamber into which water and heat are put, because of the pressure you can raise the temp of the water above boiling. 121 degrees

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9
Q

What types of radiation are effective for sterilisation?

A

UV, microwaves, x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons can reduce microbial growth

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10
Q

What does UV light do to microbes?

A

Causes modifications and breaks in the DNA

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11
Q

Can the DNA damage from UV light be repaired?

A

Yes, if exposed to normal light. It’s a process called photoreactivation

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12
Q

What are the 3 classifications of antimicrobial agents?

A
  • bacteriostatic
  • bacteriocidal
  • bacteriolytic
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13
Q

What does a bacteriostatic antimicrobial agent do?

A

Inhibits growth for a period of time, allows up immune system to do its job

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14
Q

What does a bacteriocidal antimicrobial agent do?

A

Causes the cell to die, is poisonous to the internal machinery of the bacteria

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15
Q

What does a bacteriolytic antimicrobial agent do?

A

Bacterial cell explosion

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16
Q

What are the 2 categories that microbial agents are divided into?

A
  • control of microorganisms in commercial and industrial applications ie. chemicals in foods, air conditioning cooling towers
  • prevention of the growth of human pathogens in inanimate objects and on external body surfaces ie. disinfectants, sanitizers, antiseptics
17
Q

What are the 3 ways in which antimicrobial agents work?

A
  • injury to cell membrane ie. soap and disinfectants
  • inactivation of microbial enzymes ie. alcohols, phenolics, chlorine compounds
  • damage to genetic material ie. formalin inactivates proteins and nucleic acids, UV light
18
Q

What are the side effects of antimicrobial agents?

A
  • allergies
  • mutation
  • destruction of normal flora
  • toxicity
19
Q

Antibiotics are broadly placed into 2 classes?

A
  • bacteriostatic

- bacteriocidal (for nastier drugs)

20
Q

What are beta-lactams?

A
  • bacteriocidal
  • inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
    Eg, penicillins, cephalosporins
21
Q

What are macrolides?

A
  • end in mycin
  • inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
  • can penetrate macrophages, kills intracellular pathogens
  • immune modulators
  • treat Chlamydia, campylobacter, pneumonia and whooping cough
22
Q

What are quinolones?

A
  • heavy duty antibiotic
  • get in the middle of the DNA/nucleic acid synthesis
  • used to treat typhoid, pseudomonas respiratory infections, prostate infections
    Eg. Ciprofloxacin
23
Q

What are tetracyclines?

A
  • broad spectrum agents
  • alternative therapy for Chlamydia and early syphillis
  • good for rickettsial infections
  • commonly used for treating acne
  • prevention of malaria
    Eg. Doxycycline
24
Q

What do antibiotics interfere with?

A
  • cell wall synthesis
  • nucleic acid synthesis
  • protein synthesis
25
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

26
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Infection caused by a type of gram positive staph bacteria that has become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections.

27
Q

What does ESBL stand for?

A

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase

28
Q

What are ESBL’s?

A

Gram negative bacteria that produce an enzyme, beta-lactamase that has the ability to break down commonly used antibiotics.

29
Q

4 types of antibiotic resistant tuberculosis?

A
  • MDR - multidrug resistant
  • XDR - extensively drug resistant
  • XXDR - extra extensively drug resistant
  • TDR - totally drug resistant
30
Q

How do disinfectants work?

A

By destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with their metabolism

Microbiology (14 decks)

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