Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology 1 > Patho Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Patho Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Two functions of Skeletal System

A

Protection- supports organ systems; bone functions as levers for muscles to pull on

Production- blood cells produced; mineral storage and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Corticol Bone

A

(Compact bone)

  • outer portion of bone
  • bulk of diastasis of bones
  • tolerates compression and shearing forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

(Spongy bone)

  • inside long bones and marrow cavities
  • can’t tolerate compression forces
  • tolerates shearing (toritional) stresses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

straight line, 90 degrees to longitudinal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Spiral Fracture

A
  • due to rotational force
  • S-shape
  • wrap itself around corticol surface on outside of bone in spiral fashion
  • not easy to fix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Longitudinal Fracture

A
  • along bone length

- run up and down length of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oblique Fracture

A
  • due to rotational forces
  • doesn’t circulate around bone
  • at angle in between transverse and longitudinal without spiraling or rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A
  • more than one fracture line and the bone is going to be broken into more than 2 fragments
  • 1+ fracture line and 2+ bone fragments
  • happens commonly in feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Impacted Fracture

A
  • telescoping of fragment into another
  • typically in long bones
  • creates internal damage of bone and makes it very hard to reduce bones back into place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A
  • incomplete fracture with intact corticol side flexed
  • cortex stays intact, but is going to be flawed
  • little broken off piece of bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stress Fracture

A
  • failure of one corticol surface

- crack developing in the bone with no real separation between 2 bone fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Avulsion

A
  • separation at site of attachment of ligament or tendon

- common in knee cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Displaced Fracture

A
  • ends of fracture are separated
  • greater damage to surrounding soft tissue
  • harder to realign when it comes time to fix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Non-displaced Fracture

A
  • fragments remain in alignment and position

- easy to fix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Complete Fracture

A

disrupts continuity through whole bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Incomplete Fracture

A
  • cortex buckles/cracks
  • no loss of continuity
  • bone ends still together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Open (compound) Fracture

A
  • bone exposed outside integument
  • open wound from outside world into skin
  • increased rate of infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Closed (simple) Fracture

A

bone contained inside integument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Delayed Healing

A

Delayed Union
Malunion (fracture improperly repaired)
Nonunion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Soft Tissue Complication

A

primary damage and damage during immobilization
Compartment Syndrome
Neurovascular Injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dislocation

A
  • displacement of bone from normal
  • articulating surfaces lose contact
  • lead joint beyond anatomical limits
  • significant soft tissue damage
22
Q

Sublaxation

A
  • displacement
  • articulating surfaces partially lose contact, but don’t completely separate
  • lead joint beyond anatomical limits
  • significant soft tissue damage
23
Q

Non-Structural Scoliosis

A
  • resolves when patient bends to affected side
  • curve resolves itself when patient bends to affected side
  • no rotation of vertebral column along with lateral curvature
  • usually due to inflammation, legs of different lengths without corrective footwear, poor posture
24
Q

Structural Scoliosis

A
  • lateral curve fails to correct on forced bending against curvature
  • vertebrae start to rotate around axis along with curvature
  • more serious form of scoliosis
  • hip, shoulder, rib cage start to change position
25
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • common metabolic disorder
  • Reabsorption rate greater than formation (osteoclasts outpace osteoblasts)
  • fragile, fracture susceptible bones due to decrease in density, width, mass
  • cancellous (spongy) lost faster than corticol (compact)
  • Risk factors: age, genetics, estrogen
26
Q

Disuse Osteoporosis

A
  • bones degrade if person is not putting stress on bone (i.e. bed rest pt)
  • bones will start growing again once stress the bones
27
Q

Rickets & Osteomalacia

A
  • rickets=child; osteomalacia= adult rickets
  • Deficit in mineralization of osteoid leading to the production of soft osteopenic bone
  • Vitamin D deficiency prevents normal calcium & phosphorus maintenance
  • worse in children because bones are growing
28
Q

Paget’s Disease

A
  • Osteitis deformans (i.e. deformed bone)
  • Progressive, slow, metabolic disorder
  • Excess bone resorption followed by excessive bone formation
  • Disorganized bone matrix - overproduction of cancellous bone
  • Fragility leads to deformities and fractures
  • Unknown cause
29
Q

Soft Tissue Injuries

A
  • soft tissue injuries are very common with sublaxation, dislocations and fractures
  • trauma due to stress
  • contractile and non-contractile types of injuries
30
Q

Non-contracile (Inert) Soft Tissue Injuries

A
  • have no ability to contract and can’t relax
  • Joint capsules, ligaments, bursae, fasciae, dura mater, nerve roots
  • Includes ligament injuries; joint capsule injuries; internal joint derangement; injuries to fascia and bursae
31
Q

Ligament Injuries

A
  • injury when load exceeds physiology range of motion
  • stretched ligament= sprained ankle
  • Total failure - damage to surrounding tissues in which lose ability to keep 2 tissues together
  • have loose ligaments once damaged
  • Classified by extent of tear
32
Q

Joint Capsule Injury

A
  • swelling and tissue scarring decreases the range of motion
  • occurs during immobilization
  • swelling–> lack nutrient flow and ischemia
  • if arm is bent at minimal joint angle, capsule will shrink
33
Q

Internal Joint Derangement

A
  • injury to inert soft tissue in joint leading to restriction of motion & pain
  • example: torn meniscus in knee or TMJ
34
Q

Injuries to fasciae & bursae

A
  • Fasciae and bursae normally there to reduce friction
  • Pain with restriction of motion
  • Bursitis - inflammation of bursae at stress point
35
Q

Contractile Soft Tissue Injuries

A
  • involve tissues actually involved in contraction: muscle, tendon, and bony insertion point that tendon is going to attach to
  • if get too damaged, can affect ability of that part to contract
  • Include: Injury to tendons, Muscle & tendon strains, Blunt trauma, Compartment syndrome
36
Q

Injury to Tendons

A
  • strain to rupture
  • Tendonitis - inflammation of tendon sheath (essentially bursae underneath tendon)
  • Loss of function, pain, inflammation
37
Q

Muscle & tendon strains

A

-minor to major tear in muscle due to abnormal muscle contraction
Grade I - minute tear, no loss of continuity
Grade II - large portion of contractile unit torn, maintain continuity but need surgical repair
Grade III - loss of continuity of contractile unit; surgical repair necessary

38
Q

Blunt trauma

A
  • contusion or crush injury to soft tissue can compromise contractile structures
  • Bleeding into muscle leads to inability to contract
  • Hemorrhage - leads to myositis ossificans (blood pools lead to calcifications)
39
Q

Compartment syndrome

A
  • Soft tissue trauma due to unyielding structure of inert tissues (i.e. joint capsule)
  • Decreased compartment size, increased compartment content, externally applied pressure
  • All cause pressure - ischemia & pain leading to medical emergency
40
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Group of genetic myopathies that lead to progressive muscle weakness and degeneration

41
Q

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

A
  • common, severe, X-linked
  • Muscle cells lack dystrophin (structural protein underneath plasma membrane) leading to weakened cell structures that get replaced with fatty tissues
  • don’t live past 14 because diaphragm stops working
42
Q

Becker Muscular Dystrophy

A
  • mild, inherited, X-linked

- Reduced production of abnormal dystrophin

43
Q

Facioscapulohumeral Muscular

A

-inherited, autosomal dominant, face and shoulder affected

44
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • chronic autoimmune disease of neuromuscular function
  • Voluntary muscle weakness & fatigue
  • ACH receptor antibodies
45
Q

Fibromyalgia syndrome

A
  • unknown etiology
  • Pain syndrome - chronic muscle pain
  • everyone has same threshold of pain but what may be physiological reason and people with this have a lower threshold than most (so stimulus can be less to stimulate muscle fibers)
46
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • Degenerative, progressive, non-inflammatory disease
  • Loss of articular cartilage
  • Formation of thick subchondral bone and new bone
  • More prevalent with age and everyone gets it
  • Etiology varies: Biochemical, biomechanical, inflammatory & immunologic factors
  • non inflammatory disease- once person has it, the actual disease does not cause inflammation in the joints (does not mean it can not be caused by inflammation)
47
Q

Symptoms of Osteroarthritis

A
  • Bony enlargement of joints
  • crepitus
  • Morning stiffness,
  • pain w/function
48
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Systemic inflammatory disease
  • Unknown etiology (infectious or abnormal autoimmune response)
  • Characterized by inflammation in joint cavity
  • Stimulate edema, neovascularization, synovial proliferation
  • Hypertropied synovium invades surrounding tissue - granulation tissue forms - pannus formation which erodes articular cartilage
49
Q

Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Morning stiffness for 1 hr
  • Soft tissue swelling of 3 or more joint areas
  • Swelling of at least one wrist, MCP or PIP joint
  • Simultaneous symmetric swelling in joints
  • Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules
  • Presence of rheumatoid factor
  • Radiographic erosions and/or periarticular osteopenia in hand and/or wrist joints
50
Q

Depressed Fracture

A
  • fragment displaced below leek if surface of bone

- skull is most common

Pathophysiology 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions