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Pathophysiology 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Cardiovascular System (7)

A
  • oxygen transport and delivery
  • nutrient transport and delivery
  • waste transport and elimination
  • hormonal transport
  • temp. regulation
  • BP regulation
  • immune function
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2
Q

Circulatory Pathways (3)

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Cerebral
  • Systemic
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3
Q

Components of Circulation

A
  • Blood
  • Heart
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
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4
Q

Blood Components

A
  • Cellular

- Liquid

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5
Q

Total Blood Volume

A
  • approx. 5 L

- greater volume for larger individuals, endurance trainers, and altitude-acclimated individuals

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6
Q

Arteries

A
  • Elastic artery (resistance and greater in size)

- Muscular (large, small, arteriole, capillary)

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7
Q

Elastic Artery Layers

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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8
Q

Tunica Intima

A

innermost layer (squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells, sub-endothelial, also lining of arterial wall)

  • cells are flat and elongated
  • parallel to the direction of blood flow in the artery
  • gap junctions and zonula occludens keep endothelial cells attached to eachother
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9
Q

Tunica media

A
  • middle layer
  • smooth muscle
  • controls blood flow by constricting and relaxing
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10
Q

Tunica adventitia

A
  • outmost layer
  • longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue -elastic fibers
  • nerves are found here
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11
Q

Capillaries

A
  • single layer of epithelium

- flow controlled by pre-capillary sphincters

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12
Q

Venules

A

-highest venous proportion of smooth muscle

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13
Q

Veins

A
  • adventitia is not as elastic as arteries
  • less tissue volume
  • low pressure side of system
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14
Q

One way valves

A
  • on venus side where pressure is low

- skeletal muscles are helpful moving the blood

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15
Q

Why are arteries called resistance vessels?

A
  • b/c of the ability to constrict and dilate
  • more elastic
  • they control blood flow to the tissues
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16
Q

Why are veins called compliance vessels?

A
  • b/c of the ability to distend

- at rest about 66% of blood is in the venus side

17
Q

Determinants of Blood Pressure

A
  • blood volume
  • compliance ( = volume / pressure)
  • cross-sectional area
18
Q

Determinants of Blood Flow

A
  • pressure gradient
  • area
  • viscosity

-determiants of blood flow also determine the diameter of the vessel.

19
Q

Vasoconstriction and dilation influence what?

A

Blood volume

20
Q

Vascular compliance and cross-sectional area determine what?

A

Blood pressure

21
Q

Orthostatic of Hydrostatic Intolerance

A
  • low pressure of venus side
  • blood pooling
  • problem for returning blood to hreat
  • lack of return can result in dizziness
22
Q

Resistance vessels

A

arteries that can adjust their caliber

23
Q

Exchange vessels

A

-thin walled arterioles and capillaries that permit rapid exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, substrates, hormones, and other molecules

24
Q

Capacitance vessels

A

-venules, small and large veins that can hold a large volume of blood

25
Q

Hemodynamics

A

concerned with governing pressure, flow, resistance, volume, and compliance related to CV system

26
Q

Hemodynamic pressure

A

produced by the contraction of the heart and stored in the elastic walls of the blood vessels�

27
Q

Pressure

A

force applied over a surface

28
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

-force of gravity acting on the blood

29
Q

Transmural pressure

A

is the difference between the pressure inside and outside a blood vessel�

30
Q

Compliance

A

a measure of the distensibility of a chamber expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure�

31
Q

Mean circulatory filling pressure

A

pressure required to fill the blood vessels

32
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

pulsatile pressure averaged over the cardiac cycle

33
Q

systemic vascular resistance

A

resistance to flow offered by the systemic circulation

34
Q

Systolic pressure

A

peak in systemic arterial pressure (during ventricular systole)

35
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

smallest pressure in systemic arterial pressure

36
Q

Pulse pressure

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

37
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

are thin-walled and relatively permeable where a net transfer of fluid out of the vessels and into the interstitial space. These vessels return this fluid to the systemic circulation�

38
Q

Lymphatic circulation

A

movement of fluid from the systemic and pulmonary circulation into the interstitial space and then back to the systemic circulation via the lymphatic vessels�

Pathophysiology 1 (11 decks)

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